Chapter 10 Cell Growth And Division

Front 1

What are the three things that limit cell size?

Back 1

1. The larger a cell becomes the more demands the cell places on its DNA

2. The cell has more trouble moving enough nutrients and waste across the cell membrane

Example: A larger cell would have trouble getting nutrients to all parts fast enough to support its size.

3. Ratio of Surface Area to Volume

Front 2

how do you find surface area?

Back 2

length x width x 6

Front 3

how do you find volume?

Back 3

length x width x height

Front 4

how do you calculate the ratio?

Back 4

surface area to volume

surface area/ volume

Front 5

before it becomes too large, a growing cell?

Back 5

divides forming two "daughter" cells

Front 6

the process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells is called?

Back 6

cell division

Front 7

cell division in eukaryotes has _____ ____ _____ because it is _____________.

Back 7

two major stages, multicellular

Front 8

what is the first stage?

Back 8

Mitosis

Front 9

what is mitosis?

Back 9

the division of the cell nucleus

Front 10

what is the second stage?

Back 10

cytokinesis

Front 11

what is cytokinesis?

Back 11

division of the cell cytoplasm

Front 12

genetic information is passed from _____ ______ to the _____ on __________.

Back 12

one generation, next, chromosomes

Front 13

before cell division, _______ _________ ___ _______ ___ _______.

Back 13

each chromosome is duplicated or copied.

Front 14

what does each chromosome consist of?

Back 14

two identical sister chromatids

Front 15

each pair of chromatids is attached at an area called the _________.

Back 15

centromere

Front 16

when the cell divides, _____ _______ _________.

Back 16

the chromatids separate

Front 17

each new cell gets ______ ___________.

Back 17

one chromatid

Front 18

the _____ _____ is the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

Back 18

cell cycle

Front 19

this is the period of growth that occurs between cell divisions

Back 19

interphase

Front 20

what are two things the cell does during the cell cycle?

Back 20

the cell grows, prepares for division and divides to form two daughter cells each of which begins the cycle again

Front 21

the cell cycle consists of how many phases?

Back 21

4

Front 22

what are the four phases?

Back 22

1, G1- (first gap phase) grow

2. S phase -synthesis phase

3. G2- (second gap phase) grow

4. M phase- Mitosis (cell division)

Front 23

During G1, the cell does two things. which are?

Back 23

increases in size, and synthesizes new proteins and organelles

Front 24

during the S phases the cell does 3 things. which are?

Back 24

chromosomes are replicated, DNA synthesis takes place, and it usually completes the rest of the cell cycle

Front 25

During the G2 phase, the cell does 2 things which are?

Back 25

organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced and once G2 is complete the cell is ready to start the M phase

Front 26

what are the four phases of Mitosis?

Back 26

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Front 27

what is the first and longest phase of mitosis?

Back 27

prophase

Front 28

what happens during prophase?

Back 28

the centrioles separate and take up positions on opposite sides of the nucleus

Front 29

what happens to the centrioles?

Back 29

they lie in a region called the centrosome.

Front 30

what does the centrosome do?

Back 30

helps to organize the spindle

Front 31

what is a spindle?

Back 31

a fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes

Front 32

___________ condenses into chromosomes

Back 32

chromatin

Front 33

the centrioles ______ and a ________ begins to form

Back 33

separate and spindle

Front 34

what happens to the nuclear envelope during prophase?

Back 34

it breaks down

Front 35

what happens during metaphase?

Back 35

the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell and the microtubules connect the centromere of each chromosome to the poles of the spindle

Front 36

what happens during anaphase?

Back 36

the sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes

Front 37

the chromosomes continue to _______ until they have __________ into ______ groups

Back 37

move, separated, two

Front 38

what is the final stage of mitosis?

Back 38

telophase

Front 39

chromosomes gather at ________ ends of the cell and ________ their ________ _______.

Back 39

opposite, lose, distinct shape

Front 40

what happens to the nuclear envelope during telophase?

Back 40

a new nuclear envelope forms around each cluster of chromosomes

Front 41

what is cytokinesis?

Back 41

the stage where the cytoplasm pinches in half, and each daughter cell has an identical set of duplicate chromosomes

Front 42

what happens with a plant during cytokinesis?

Back 42

a structure known as the cell plate forms midway between the divided nuclei.

Front 43

the cell plate gradually develops into a __________ _________.

Back 43

separating membrane

Front 44

a cell wall then begins to _______ ____ ____ _____ ____.

Back 44

appear in the cell plate

Front 45

cells will reproduce until?

Back 45

they come into contact with other cells

Front 46

when cells come into contact with other cells, what do they do?

Back 46

they respond by not growing

Front 47

this demonstrates that controls on cell growth and division can be?

Back 47

turned on and off

Front 48

what are cyclins?

Back 48

protein that regulates the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells

Front 49

what are internal regulators?

Back 49

proteins that respond to events inside the cell that allow the cell cycle to proceed only when certain processes have happened inside the cell (checkpoints)

Front 50

what are external regulators?

Back 50

proteins that respond to events outside of the cell and direct cells to speed up or slow down the cell cycle

Front 51

cancer is a disorder in which some of the body's own cells _____ ____ _____ __ _____ _____.

Back 51

lose the ability to control growth

Front 52

cancer cells divide uncontrollably and form?

Back 52

tumors

Front 53

what are tumors?

Back 53

masses of cells that can damage the surrounding tissues (may be cancerous or benign)

Front 54

what is metastasis?

Back 54

cancer traveling to other sites

Front 55

cancer cells may break loose from tumors nd spread throughout the body, disrupting normal _________ and causing serious medical problems or even ______.

Back 55

activities, death

Front 56

cancer cause what four things?

Back 56

1. smoking

2. radiation

3. viruses(HPV which is an STD that can cause Cervical cancer)

4. genetic (breast and colon cancer)

Front 57

defect in a gene is called?

Back 57

P53

Front 58

the gene that stops the cell cycle until all ________ are properly copied

Back 58

chromosomes