Biology Chapter 8 Cell Growth And Division

Front 1

prophase

Back 1

the longest phase; takes 50-60% of the total time required to complete mitosis.

Front 2

describe anaphase

Back 2

third phase of mitosis
1. centomeres that join the sister chromatids split.
2.the chromatids are now becoming individual chromosomes.
3.as they separate the spindle gets larger
4.continue to move until they have separated into two small groups.
5.anaphase ends when the movement stops.

Front 3

describe telophase

Back 3

final phase of mitosis
1.the chromosomes begin to uncoil into a tangle of chromatin.
2.this occurs where the nuclei of the daughter cells will form.
3.the nuclear envelope reforms around the chromatin.
4.the spindle breaks apart
5.nucleolus becomes visible

Front 4

centriole

Back 4

structure involved in mitosis that contains a microtubule protein called tubulin

Front 5

describe cytokinesis

Back 5

the division of the cytoplasm
1.cell membrane moves inward until the cytoplasm is pinched into two nearly equal parts
2. each part contains its own nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles.

Front 6

interphase

Back 6

the period between cell divisions

Front 7

spindle

Back 7

meshlike structure of microtubules that appears to guide the movements of chromosomes during mitosis.

Front 8

metaphase

Back 8

second phase of mitosis

Front 9

anaphase

Back 9

third phase of mitosis

Front 10

telophase

Back 10

final phase of mitosis

Front 11

where in the cell do the food, oxygen, and water enter the cell and waste products leave

Back 11

the cell membrane

Front 12

what determines how fast food and oxygen are used up and waste products are produced

Back 12

the cell volume or the amount of space within the cell

Front 13

what are the reasons why cells dont grow much larger even if the organism they are a part of does.

Back 13

1. because if the cell is big than it will have a harder time receiving all the nutrients, and getting rid of wastes because of all the trafic.
2.because the cell wont be able to produce enough RNA to supply the increasing needs of the growing cell.

Front 14

what is the reason for cell division

Back 14

so that the cell doesnt have problems with things entering and leaving because it is too large, and so that the cell has enough RNA to supply the cell with

Front 15

Why cant ideal conditions for cell growth be maintained

Back 15

because otherwise in three days bacterias such as E.Coli can grow to the mass of the earth.

Front 16

how rapidly do your body cells divided

Back 16

heart/nervous system-rarely divide, if neverr
skin/digestive tract-grow and divide rapidly throughout life to replace worn out or broken down due to wear and tear

Front 17

why do cells stop growing when being contained in a nutrient broth

Back 17

because when cells come into contact with other cells the respond by not growing

Front 18

when do controls on cells turn on and off

Back 18

when you have an injury-cut/break a bone-cells at the edges are stimulated to divide.this starts healing process. when the healing process completes itself the rate of cell division slows down and everything returns to normal

Front 19

what are some consequences of uncontrolled cell growth

Back 19

cancer-disorder in which some cells have lost the ability to control their own rate of growth.--will continue to divide until the supply of nutrients is exhausted.

Front 20

what two main stages does the division of eukaryotic cells occur in

Back 20

1.mitosis
2.cytokinesis

Front 21

why does chromosome mean colored body

Back 21

because it was derived from the fact that when a dye was added to the cell, the chromosomes picked up the color of the dye and were easily seen through the light microscope during cell division

Front 22

how do chromosomes contain the genetic information

Back 22

through the form of DNA.

Front 23

how are the chromosomes made up in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Back 23

pro-the chromosomes are made up of long circular molecules of DNA.
euk-the chromosomes are made up of distinct lengths of DNA.

Front 24

how are the chromosomes made up in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Back 24

pro-the chromosomes are made up of long circular molecules of DNA.
euk-the chromosomes are made up of distinct lengths of DNA.

Front 25

cell division

Back 25

process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells:

Front 26

describe chromatin and what they do

Back 26

a material that makes up chromosomes. these materials form dense and dispersed regions during the time between cell divisions.. chromatin condense and become visible during mitosis.

Front 27

what is chromatin composed of

Back 27

DNA and protein

Front 28

what does the protein do in the chromatin

Back 28

it is involved in the folding of DNA so that it can fit within the nucleus.

Front 29

mitosis

Back 29

process by which the nucleus of a cell is divided into two nuclei, each with the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the parent cell

Front 30

how does DNA fit into the chromosome

Back 30

Don&Ada Olins, and Christopher Woodcock found out that the chromosomes DNA was coiled around special proteins called histones.When together the histone and DNA produce beadlike structures called nucleosomes.

Front 31

describe nuclesomes

Back 31

a beadlike structure containing a histone wrapped in DNA. these nucleosomes interact with one another to form a thick fiber. the end result is the tightly packed chromosomes that are seen through a light microscope that can be separated during mitosis.

Front 32

what is the structure of chromosomes

Back 32

the chromosome contains two chromatids also called sister chromatids. each pair is attached at the centromere.

Front 33

what is the centromere

Back 33

located near the middle of the chromatids, some lie at the ends of chromatids.

Front 34

describe the cell cycle

Back 34

during a cell cycle, a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells, each of which begins the cycle all over again

Front 35

what stages does the cell cycle include

Back 35

mitosis-a period of active division, interphase-a period of nondivision during which other processes take place.
cytokinesis-a process in which cytoplasm and its contents divide.

Front 36

how are the rates of different cells cycles in the body

Back 36

muscle/nerve- dont divide at all once they have developed
cells lining organs of digestive-rapidly divide every six hours

Front 37

what are the three phases of interphase, and briefly describe each one

Back 37

gap 1-intense growth and developement
DNA synthesis- DNA replication, and several proteins are synthesized
gap2- shortest of three phases, synthesizes the organelles and materials required for cell division

Front 38

how many phases are in mitosis and what are they called

Back 38

four;prophase,metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Front 39

describe prophase

Back 39

first stage- takes 50-60% of the mitosis process.
1.chromosomes start to appear because of the condensing and coiling of the yarnlike chromatin.
2.two centrioles separate from each other and go to two different sides of the cell. then they form a spindle.
3.the condensed chromosomes become attached to fibers in the spindle at the point near the centromere of each chromatid.
4. coiling of chromosomes becomes tighter
5. nucleus disappears and the nuclear envelope breaks down

Front 40

what do the centrioles do

Back 40

they separate and move to each end of the cell. then they form a spindle, meshlike structure that helps move the chromosomes apart

Front 41

describe metaphase

Back 41

the shortest of mitosis,
1.chromosomes line up across the equator of the cell.
2. microtubules connect the centromere of each chromosome to the poles of the spindle.
3. the arrangement looks like a star and is sometimes called an aster.

Front 42

describe telophase

Back 42

final phase

Front 43

describe cytokinesis

Back 43

the division of the cytoplasm

Front 44

cytokinesis

Back 44

process by which cells cytoplasm divides to form two distinct cells.

Front 45

chromosome

Back 45

threadlike structure in a cell that contains the genetic information that is passed on from one generation of cells to the next

Front 46

chromotin

Back 46

one of two distinct strands that make up each chromosome.

Front 47

chromatin

Back 47

one of two distinct strands that make up each chromosome.

Front 48

chromotid

Back 48

one of two distinct strands that make up each chromosome.

Front 49

centromere

Back 49

an area where each pair of chromotids is attached at.

Front 50

cell cycle

Back 50

period from the beginning of one mitosis to the beginning of the next

Front 51

cell cycle

Back 51

period from the beginning of one mitosis to the beginning of the next