Chapter 10 Anthropology

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Premodern humans

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-most lived during mid pleistocene period
-some later premodern humans lived well into the late pleistocene pliestocene

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Pliestocene glaciations and interglacials

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-Hominins in europe, africa, and northern asia were affected
-ice sheets expanded. northern areas of europe and asia became inhabitable
-climate warmed... migration routes would have reopened

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Dispersal of mid Pleistocene hominins

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-dispersed throughout the Old World
-Europe became more permanently and densely populated

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(premodern human) Major morphological changes relative to Homo erectus

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1. increase in brain size
2. more globular cranial vault

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Homo Heidelbergensis

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taxonomy used for premodern Mid Pleistocene fossils from Africa and Europe (and some Asian)

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Archaic Homo sapiens

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an alternative classification

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Premodern humans of mid Pleistocene: Africa: KABWE (ZAMBIA)

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one of best known premodern fossils. Mixture of H. erectus (primitive) and more modern (derived) features

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Premodern humans of mid Pleistocene: Africa: BODO site

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-one of the earliest Homo heidelbergensis from Africa
-specimen shows cut marks suggesting cannibalism or ritual purposes

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Premodern humans of mid Pleistocene: Europe: SIMA DE LOS HUESOS at Atapuerca

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-near Gran Dolina site

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Sima de los Huesos (Atapuerca) fossils

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-show some Neandertal traits

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Sima de los Huesos remains

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-arched brow ridges and a projecting midface similar to that of Neandertals

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Premodern humans of mid Pleistocene: Asia: China?

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-some chinese paleoanthropologists indicate
-genetic continuity from earlier Chinese H. erectus populations
-modern Chinese evolved from a seperate Chinese H. erectus lineage (controversial view)

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African premodern humans

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-said to have evolved into modern humans

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European premoderns

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-said to have evolved into Neandertals

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mid Pleistocene culture: stone tools

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-premodern humans in africa and europe invented the Levallois technique to make stone tools
-reflects increased cognitive abilities (compared to H. erectus)
-technique required several complex and coordinated steps

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mid Pleistocene culture: Shelter and fire

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-premodern humans increased use of cave sites
-evidence for controlled use of fire
-evidence for temporary shelters being built
-Shelter at Terra Amata site in France

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mid Pleistocene culture: Subsistence

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-numerous resources such as fruits, veggies, bird eggs, and fish were used for food

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mid Pleistocene culture: Hunting (Schoningen)

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-wooden spears found at site of Schoningen, Germany
-suggested that these throwing spears were used for hunting large animals

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Neandertals

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-premodern humans of the late pleistocene
-specimens from Western Europe often called "classic Neandertals"

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Neandertal brain

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-large brains (1,520cm^3 avg)
-partially explained by large body size and need for metabolic efficiency in colder climates

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Neandertal Cranium

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-large, long, and low with an occipital bun
-forehead is more vertical than H. erectus
-arched brow ridges
-face projects distinctly forward

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Neandertal Postcranial Skeleton

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-robust
-muscle markings indicative of powerful musculature
-short limbs (cold adaptation)

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Neandertal Western Europe: LA CHAPELLE (FRANCE)

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-individual buried in shallow grave in flexed position
-French anatomist Boule incorrectly reconstructed the Neandertal as bent-kneed (actually arthritis). not really typical of neandertal. Extremely robust.

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Neandertal Western Europe: EL SIDRON (NORTHERN SPAIN)

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-evidence of neanderthal behavior
-cannibalism
-mtDNA suggest patrilocal mating patterns

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Neandertal Western Europe: ST. CESAIRE (FRANCE)

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-more recent neandertal
-recovered with Upper Paleolithic tool industry

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Upper Paleolithic

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-cultural period usually associated w/ modern humans
-Neandertal usually "Mid Paleolithic"

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Neandertal Central Europe: KRAPINA, CROATIA

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-a relative old site
-one of the earliest intentional burials
-earliest appearance of "classic" neandertal features together

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Neandertal Central Europe:VINDIJA CAVE (near Krapina)

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-one of the most recent neandertals
-some early modern features

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Neandertals and Anatomically Modern Humans

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-both living in at same time. Close to one another in Western & Central Europe around 35,000ya
-Neandertal borrowed tool technology
-Created the new Chatelperronain industry

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Neandertal Western Asia: TABUN, ISRAEL

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-neandertals contemporary w/ early modern H. sapiens found in nearby caves

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Neandertal Western Asia: KEBARA, ISRAEL

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-most complete pelvis
-first neandertal hyoid bone found (in throat at base of tongue)

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Neandertal Western Asia: SHANIDAR, IRAQ

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-9 individuals. 4 of whom were intentionally buried
-includes skeleton of male w/ multiple extensive injuries
-survival evidence of compassion among Neandertals

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Neandertal Central Asia:TESHIK-TASH site (in Uzbekistan)

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-a neandertal child and tools of Mousterian industry at this site

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Neandertal Central Asia: DENISON CAVE (in Southern Siberia)

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-Hominin remains from Denisova cave
-no mtDNA match to either modern H. Sapiens or a Neandertal

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Middle Paleolithic Mousterian industry

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-neandertals are primarily associated w/ a middle paleolithic stone tool industry called the Mousterian

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Neandertal Technology

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-developed specialized tools for skinning and preparing meat
-rarely used bone tools

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Neandertal Subsistence

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-included hunting
-sites contain abundant remains of animal bones
-no long distance weaponry such as bows&arrows
-skeletal fractures indicate up close hunting methods
-thrusting spears

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Neandertal speech

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-articulate speech
-debated if same language capacities as modern H. Sapiens

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Neandertal Behavioral advantages

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-upper paleolithic humans hypothesized to have possessed some behavioral advantage over neandertals. Possibly:
1. superior language capability 2. technological superiority 3. increased subsistence efficiency

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Neandertal Burials

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-intentional
-evident in sites located in europe and western asia (Kebara)
-After 35 kya in europe, burial practices associated w/ modern H. sapiens become more complex

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Molecular Connections: Genetic Evidence

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-neandertal and modern human lineages are remarkably similar
99.84% identical
-Many non african people today have neandertal genes
-intermixing occured sometime btwn 80,000 and 50,000 ya

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Denisovan Branch

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-Denisova Cave sight
-Denisovian DNA possibly represents a different branch of recent human evolution
-a new hominin
-diverged from H.sapiens/neandertal line a mil years ago
-sharing 4-5% genes w/ contemporary people from Melanasia

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Lumping approach

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-recognizes one species for all premodern humans: archaic Homo sapiens included in the same species as moderns

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Splitters

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indentified at least 2 species distinct from H. sapiens:
1. H. heidelbergensis
2. H. neanderthalensis