Chapter 10 Abnormal Psychology

Front 1

Gender Dysphoria

Back 1

is incongruence and psychological distress and dissatisfaction with the gender one has been assigned at birth (boy or girl).

Front 2

Evolutionary Roots

Back 2

For example, men with “attractive” (to women) faces have higher sperm quality. Women with “attractive” (to men) bodies are more fertile; and both men and women with “attractive” voices lose their virginity sooner (Gallup & Frederick, 2010). Thus sexual attraction (and behavior) is closely tied to evolutionary mandates reflecting the importance of this behavior for the species.

Front 3

Human Sexual Response Cycle

Back 3

Desire -> Arousal -> Plateau -> Orgasm -> Resolution

Front 4

male hypoactive sexual desire disorder

female sexual interest/arousal disorder

Back 4

inability to have desire or interest towards individual

Front 5

Erectile Disorder

Back 5

have frequent sexual urges and fantasies and a strong desire to have sex, but can not become physically aroused

-females inability to achieve or maintain adequate lubrication

Front 6

delayed ejaculation

Female orgasmic disorder

Back 6

achieve orgasm with great difficulty

-sometimes men have retrograde ejaculation: ejaculation fluids travel backward into the bladder rather than forward

-premature ejaculation: ejaculation that occurs too quickly. approx: 1 minute after penetration

Front 7

genito pelvic-pain/penetration disorder

vaginismus

Back 7

difficulties with penetration during attempted intercourse or pain during intercourse

-pelvic muscles (outer third of vagina) go through involuntary spasms when intercourse attempted

Front 8

Paraphilia

Back 8

person aroused by inappropriate objects

Front 9

Sexual orientation

Back 9

inherited biological tendencies interacting with environmental variables

Front 10

Sexual Dysfunction based on Biological Problems

Back 10

-neurological diseases and other conditions like diabetes and kidney disease

-vascular disease

-chronic illnesses

-prescription medication (beta-blockers "propranolol" and SSRIs)

-drugs-> cocaine, alcohol -> fertility problems

Front 11

Sexual Dysfunction based on Psychological Problems

Back 11

-anxiety believe it or not increases sexual arousal

- distraction

nee component is arousal, another is cognitive process and third is negative affect

Front 12

Sexual Dysfunction based on Social and Cultural Problems

Back 12

-negative cognitive set erotophobia

-poor sexual skills

Front 13

Psychological Treatments

Back 13

-therapist to communicate with each of the partners

-basic education about sexual functioning, altering deep-seated myths, and increasing communication, the clinicians’ primary goal is to eliminate psychologically based performance anxiety

- sensate focus and nondemand pleasuring. In this exercise, couples are instructed to refrain from intercourse or genital caressing and simply to explore and enjoy each other’s body through touching, kissing, hugging, massaging, or similar kinds of behavior. In the first phase, nongenital pleasuring, breasts and genitals are excluded from the exercises. After successfully accomplishing this phase, the couple moves to genital pleasuring but with a ban on orgasm and intercourse and clear instructions to the man that achieving an erection is not the goal.

Front 14

Psychological Treatments

Back 14

-premature ejaculation, most sex therapists use a procedure developed by Semans (1956), sometimes called the squeeze technique, in which the penis is stimulated, usually by the partner, to nearly full erection. At this point, the partner firmly squeezes the penis near the top where the head of the penis joins the shaft, which quickly reduces arousal.

-To treat vaginismus and pain related to penetration in genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder, the woman and, eventually, the partner gradually insert increasingly larger dilators at the woman’s pace. After the woman (and then the partner) can insert the largest dilator, in a heterosexual couple, the woman gradually inserts the man’s penis.

Front 15

Medical Treatments

Back 15

-oral medication, injection of vasoactive substances directly into the penis, surgery, and vacuum device therapy

- Viagra, introduced in 1998, and similar drugs such as Levitra and Cialis

-cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT)

- papaverine or prostaglandin directly into the penis when they want to have sexual intercourse. These drugs dilate the blood vessels, allowing blood to flow to the penis and thereby producing an erection within 15 minutes that can last from 1 to 4 hours

-Insertion of penile prostheses or implants has been a surgical option for almost 100 years; only recently have they become good enough to approximate normal sexual functioning

-vacuum device therapy, which works by creating a vacuum in a cylinder placed over the penis. The vacuum draws blood into the penis, which is then trapped by a specially designed ring placed around the base of the penis.

Front 16

Frotteuristic Disorder

Back 16

in a packed area where individual rubs themselves against someone else until point of ejaculation

Front 17

Fetishistic Disorder

Back 17

person is sexually attracted to nonliving objects:

- inanimate object

- source specific tactile stimulation

-partialism: part of body, such as foot, hair

Front 18

Voyeuristic Disorder

Back 18

practice of observing an unsuspecting person undressing or naked so one can become aroused

Front 19

Exhibitionistic Disorder

Back 19

achieving sexual arousal and gratifican by exposing genitals to unsuspecting strangers

Front 20

Transvestic Disorder

Back 20

sexual arousal related to the act of dressing in clothes of the opposite sex

-autogynephilia: sexual images of oneself as female causing arousal

Front 21

Sexual Sadism

Back 21

inflicting pain of humiliation

Front 22

Sexual Masochism

Back 22

suffering pain or humiliation

Front 23

Sadistic Rape

Back 23

-Many rapes could be described as opportunistic, in that an aggressive or antisocial individual with a marked lack of empathy and disregard for inflicting pain on others

-Rapes can also be motivated by anger and vindictiveness against specific women and may have been planned in advance

-

* (1)

mutually enjoyable sexual intercourse and

* (2)

sexual intercourse involving force on the part of the male (rape).

Front 24

Pedophilic Disorder and Incest

Back 24

-sexual attraction to children ; 90% male

- young children, girls who are about to mature physically are the ones who are typically victims

Front 25

Causes of Paraphilia

Back 25

- early experience

- the very act of trying to suppress unwanted, emotionally charged thoughts and fantasies seems to have the paradoxical effect of increasing their frequency and intensity

-strong sex drive

-weak inhibitory control across these paraphilic disorders, which may indicate a weak biologically based behavioral inhibition system (BIS) in the brain

Front 26

Disorders of Sex Development

Back 26

-known as inter-sexuality or hermaphroditism who are born with ambiguous genitalia associated with documented hormonal or other physical abnormalities

Front 27

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

Back 27

-CAH, the brains of these chromosomal females are flooded with male hormones (androgens), which, among other results, produce mostly masculine external genitalia, although internal organs (ovaries and so on) remain female.

Front 28

Gender Nonconformity

Back 28

- gender nonconformity (see, for example, Skidmore, Linsenmeier, & Bailey, 2006). Green discovered that when most young boys spontaneously display “feminine” interests and behaviors, they are typically discouraged by most families and these behaviors usually cease. Boys who consistently display these behaviors are not discouraged, however, and are sometimes encouraged.

Front 29

Gender Dysphoria Treatment

Back 29

- To qualify for surgery at a reputable clinic, individuals must live in the desired gender for 1 to 2 years so that they can be sure they want to change sex. They also must be stable psychologically, financially, and socially. In transwomen, hormones are administered to promote gynecomastia (the growth of breasts) and the development of other secondary sex characteristics. Facial hair is typically removed through electrolysis. If the individual is satisfied with the events of the trial period, the genitals are removed and a vagina is constructed.

For transmen, an artificial penis is typically constructed through plastic surgery, using sections of skin and muscle from elsewhere in the body, such as the thigh. Breasts are surgically removed. Genital surgery is more difficult and complex in natal females. Estimates of satisfaction with surgery indicate predominantly successful adjustment (between 75% and 100% generally satisfied) among those who could be reached for follow-ups, with transmen generally adjusting better than transwomen