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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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2 ways joints can be classified
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1)structure- how they hold bones together
2)function- how they allow 2 bones to move |
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3 ways a joint holds 2 bones together
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1) synovial- joint cavity w/ synovial fluid
2)fibrous- no cavity and collagenous adhesive 3) cartilaginous- no cavity and cartilagenous adhesive |
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3 ways 2 bones move across a joint
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1) diathrosis- freely moving
2) amphiarthrosis- slightly moveable 3) synarthrosis- little or no movement |
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flexion vs. extension vs. hyperextension
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flexion- bending knee
extension- straightens knee hyperextension- extending joint beyond 180 (backwards) |
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abduction vs. adduction
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abduction- away
adduction- toward |
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protraction vs. retraction
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protraction- forward
retraction- backward |
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inversion vs. eversion
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inversion- inward
eversion- outward |
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elevation vs. depression
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elevation- raises
depression- lowers |
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dorsiflexion vs. plantar flexion
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dorsiflexion- lift toes upward
plantar flexion- point toes downward |
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circumduction vs. rotation
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circumduction- shoulder remains stationary while hand rotates
rotation- bone turns on longitudinal axis |
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sole of foot: inversion vs. eversion
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inversion- soles are turned medially
eversion- soles are turned laterally |
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_______ describes what a limb can move and why it can't move it
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biomechanics
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_______ shorten their length to exert force on a tendon (effort)
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muscle contractions
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what the muscle attempts to move against gravity, elasticity, or other load
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resistance
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fixed point that motion occurs across
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fulcrum
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distance from fulcrum to muscle insertion
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effort arm
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distance from fulcrum to resistance site
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resistance arm
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By shortening the length of a muscle, contractions create ______. Tendons then transmit force to bones at the _______.
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force
insertion |
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______ limit the range of motion
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ligaments
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1st class lever of muscle
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-generate force as teeter totter
-effort (muscle), fulcrum, resistance (gravity) |
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2nd class lever of muscle
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-generate force as wheel barrow
-fulcrum, resistance, effort |
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3rd class lever
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-generate force as tweezers
-resistance, effort, fulcrum |
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In the 3rd class lever, the further away the fulcrum the greater the __________
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mechanical advantage
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Compare mechanical advantage, power, and speed of 2nd lever vs. 3rd lever
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2nd lever- high ma, high power, low speed
3rd lever- low ma, low power, high speed |
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Ultimately _________ describes how easy it will be to accomplish a desired range of motion.
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mechanical advantage
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_______ is the muscle attachment at the stationary end
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origin
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______ is the muscle attachment at the mobile end
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insertion
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_____ is the muscle that produces most of the force
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agonist
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____ opposes the agonist and relaxes the muscle
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antagonist
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____ gives extra force to muscle and stabilizes muscle
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synergist
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______ helps hold things in place
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fixator
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_____ muscle is entirely contained within a particular region, having both its origin and insertion there
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intrinsic
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_____ muscle acts upon a designated region but has its origin elsewhere
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extrinsic
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The flexor digitorum is an ex of an extrinsic or intrinsic muscle?
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extrinsic
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Does actin or myosin allow more light to pass through?
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actin b/c it's thinner
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How many nuclei does muscle fiber contain and what is the size of muscle fiber?
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many nuclei
very large |
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______ is a layer of areolar tissue that surrounds muscle fibers
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endomysium
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_____ seperates fascicles
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perimysium
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_____ is the connective tissue layer that covers muscle as a whole
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epimysium
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______ attaches muscle to bone
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tendon
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______ is collagenous tissue that binds one organ to another
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ligament
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How many different muscles compose the skeletal system?
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600
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_____ are clusters of actin and myosin inside the bone
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fibrils
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_____ is stuff outside muscle cell
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fiber
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Arrange muscle structure from smallest to largest
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Actin/myosin < filaments < myofibrils < myofiber < endomysium < perimysium < fascia < muscle attached to bone by tendons
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5 ways myofibers in the muscle fascia of a muscle can be oriented
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1) fusiform- generate force on single angle
-ex: biceps brachii 2) parallel- ex: rectus abdominus 3) convergent- fan shaped -pectoralis major 4) pennate- feather shaped -ex: Palmar interosseous 5) circular- rings -ex: Orbicularis oculi |
