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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does intercellular communication maintain? |
Homeostasis |
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How is homeostasis accomplished in intercellular communication? |
Chemical messages |
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Which system is faster, endocrine or nervous? |
Nervous |
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What derm layer is the endocrine system derived from? |
From all 3 germ layers: ectaderm, mesoderm, and endoderm |
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Which system has specific Destination and short lived effects? |
Nervous |
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What system releases hormones into bloodstream that bind to target cells with longer - lasting effects? |
Endocrine system |
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What do the nervous and endocrine systems have in common? |
1.Both rely on release of chemicals that bind to specific receptors on target cells 2. Both share chemical messengers 3. Both coordinate and regulate activities of other cells, tissues, organs, and systems to maintain homeostasis |
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What are epinephrine and norepinephrine called when they are released from the adrenal Medulla? |
Hormones |
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What are norepinephrine and epinephrine called when they are released across a synapse? |
Neurotransmitters |
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What are the endocrine and nervous systems regulated by? |
Negative feedback |
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What type of cells does the endocrine system have? |
Glandular secretory cells, all endocrine cells |
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What are chemical messengers released in one tissue and transported by the blood stream to target cells in other tissues? |
Hormones |
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What are the three groups of hormones? |
1. Amino acid derivatives 2. Peptide hormones 3. Lipid derivatives |
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What is the largest class of hormones? |
Peptide hormones |
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What do peptide hormones consist of? |
Chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds |
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What are epinephrine norepinephrine thyroid hormones and melatonin all examples of? |
Amino acid derivatives |
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What are ADH oxytocin hypothalamic pituitary and pancreas hormones all examples of ? |
Peptide hormones |
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What are the two classes of lipid derivatives? |
1. Steroid hormone 2. Eicosanoids |
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Which hormone is structurally similar to cholesterol? |
Steroid hormone |
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What do steroid hormones and cholesterol have in common? |
Both have 4 fused hydrocarbon rings |
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What are steroid hormones bound to in blood? |
Transport proteins |
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What are steroid hormones released by? |
Reproductive organs and adrenal glands |
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What a re fatty acid - based, derived from arachidonic acid? |
Eicosanoids |
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What is the function of Eicosanoids? |
Coordinate local cellular functions and affect enzymatic processes |
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What is a subcategory of Eicosanoids? |
Prostaglandin |
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What does sensitivity of a target cell to hormone depend on? |
Presence or absence of receptors for that hormone |
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What operations do hormones alter in a target cell? |
1. Types 2. Activities 3. Locations 4. Quantities Of structural proteins and enzymes |
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What are the majority of our membrane receptors? |
Plasma membrane receptors or cell surface receptors |
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What are plasma membrane receptors required for? |
Hormones that are not lipid soluble (epinephrin, norepinephrine, peptide hormones, and Eicosanoids |
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What type of messaging do the hormones that bind to cell surface receptors accomplish? |
Indirect effect, these hormones are first messengers that activate second messengers in the cytoplasm |
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What is action of plasma membrane proteins linked by? |
G protein, and enzyme complex |
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What is a G protein coupled to a membrane receptor called? |
G-protein coupled receptors |
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What is the signal that is produced inside of the cell? |
Second messenger |
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What is the signal that originates outside of the cells? |
First messengers |
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What is the process of making signals bigger? |
Amplification |
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What are examples of second messengers? |
1. cAMP 2. cGMP 3. Ca2+ |
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What is the cyclic-AMP Second messenger system? |
1. First messenger activates a G protein 2. Adenylate cyclase enzyme is activated 3. This converts ATP to second messenger, cAMP 4. cAMP activates kinase enzymes inside the cell 5. Kinase enzymes attach a phosphate group to another molecule in a process called phosphorylation |
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What does effect on target cell depend on? |
Nature of protein affected |
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Why is the effect of cAMP short lived? |
Because an enzyme phosphodiesterase (PDE) converts cAMP to AMP |
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What are receptors found inside cytoplasm or nucleus ? |
Intracellular receptors |
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What is the difference between intracellular receptors and plasma membrane receptors? |
Intracellular receptors are uses for lipid soluble hormones whereas plans membrane receptors are used for non lipid soluble hormones |
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What is the function of intracellular receptors? |
Activate or inactivate specific genes, so they alter the rate of mRNA transcription |
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What are freely circulating hormones inactivated by? |
1. When they diffuse to target cells and bind to the receptors 2. When they are absorbed and broken down in the liver and kidney 3. When are broken down by enzymes in plasma or interstitial fluid |
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which hormones are short lived? |
Freely circulating hormones |
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Which hormones stay in circulation longer? |
Hormones bound to transport proteins |
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What is the hormonal equilibrium? |
Between bound and free forms |
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What is the liquid portion of blood? |
Plasma |
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What is the fluid that fills spaces between the cells in the tissues? |
Interstitial fluid |
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What is considered as the changes in composition of the extracellular fluid? (Hormonal control of blood calcium levels) |
Humoral stimuli |
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What is considered as changes in circulating hormone levels? |
Hormonal stimuli |
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What is considered as the neural stimulation of a neuroglandular junction through neurotransmitters? |
Neural stimuli |
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What structure provides the highest level of endocrine control? |
Hypothalamus |
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What are the three ways in which the Hypothalamus regulates nervous and endocrine systems |
1. Production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OXT) 2. Secretion of regulatory hormones to control the activity of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland 3. Control of sympathetic output of adrenal Medulla |
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What are the two types of regulatory proteins ? |
1. Releasing hormones 2. Inhibitory hormones |
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What type of hormones stimulate synthesis and secretion(release) of hormones from the anterior pituitary? |
Releasing hormones |
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What type of hormones prevent system thesis and secretion of hormones from anterior pituitary gland? |
Inhibitory hormones |
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How many hormones are produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland? |
7 |
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What are two capillary networks and the blood vessels (portal veins) that link the networks called? |
Portal system |
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What type of hormones target other endocrine glands? |
Tropic hormones |
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What hormone targets the thyroid gland ? |
Thyroid stimulating hormone |
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What hormone targets the adrenal cortex? |
Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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What does the Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulate? |
Secretion of glucocorticoids (steroid hormones) |
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What hormone targets the male and female gonads? |
Gonadotropins |
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What are the two gonadotropins? |
1. Follicle stimulating hormone 2. Luteinizing hormone |
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What does lower production of gonadotropins produce? |
Hypogonadism |
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What happens when you have hypogonadism? |
Affected children will not reach sexual maturity while adults can't produce functioning sperm or ova |
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What is small secretory sac inside the ovule? |
Follicle |
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Which hormone promotes follicle development in females? |
Follicle - stimulating hormone |
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How does the follicle stimulating hormone promote sperm production in males? |
By stimulating nurse cells in testes |
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What is the release of eggs from ovaries? |
Ovulation |
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Which hormone induces ovulation and secretion of estrogens and progesterone in females ? |
Luteinizing Hormone |
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What is another function of the Luteinizing hormones besides secretion of estrogens and progesterone in females ? |
Stimulates interstitial cells of the testes to produce androgens such as testosterone |
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What sex steroid hormones do females produce? |
1. Estrogen 2. Progesterone 3. Inhibin |
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What sex steroid hormones do males produce? |
1. Inhibin 2. Testosterone |
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Which hormone targets the mammary glands ? |
Prolactin |
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What is the function of prolactin? |
Stimulates mammary gland development |
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Which hormone stimulates cell growth and replication of all cells, but especially skeletal muscle and chondrocytes? |
Growth hormone |
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What is the indirect action of the human growth hormone? |
Stimulates liver to release somatomedins or insulin like growth factors, triggering an increase in amino acid uptake and protein synthesis by cells following a meal |
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What is the direct action of the growth hormone in epithelial and connective tissue? |
Stimulates stem cell division and differentiation |
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What is the direct action of the growth hormone in adipose tissue? |
Stimulates breakdown of stored fats and release of fatty acids, a glucose sparing effect |
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What is it called when cells use fatty acids instead of glucose to make ATP? |
Glucose sparing effect |
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Which hormone increases activity of melanocytes in skin to increase melanin production? |
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone |
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When is Melanocyte-stimulating hormone secreted? |
1. During fetal development 2. In very young children 3. In pregnant women 4. In certain disease |
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Where is Melanocyte-stimulating hormone secreted in adults? |
It actually appears to be nonfunctional |
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How many hormones are secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary? |
2 |
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What are the two hormones secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary? |
1. Antidiuretic hormone 2. Oxytocin |
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How are the antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin produced and releases? |
Produced by the Hypothalamus but released from posterior lobe of the pituitary |
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How are hormones in the anterior pituitary produced and released? |
The anterior lobe of pituitary produces and releases the hormones on its own |
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What hormone is released where the body is low on water? |
Antidiuretic hormone |
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What is the primary target of the antidiuretic hormone? |
Kidneys |
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What is the function of the antidiuretic hormone? |
Decrease water loss in urine causing kidneys to produce less urine Triggers vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure |
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What is the condition called when you produce less urine ? |
Anitdiuresis |
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What is the condition where kidneys produce more urine? |
Diuresis |
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What is the effect of alcohol on the antidiuretic hormone? |
Alcohol inhibits ADH causing kidneys to produce more urine |
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What is the condition where not enough ADH is released by the posterior pituitary gland or kidneys fail to respond to ADH? |
Diabetes insipidous |
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What happens to individuals with diabetes insipidous? |
They produce large amounts of dilute urine and are constantly thirsty |
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What is the condition where you are constantly thirsty? |
Polydipsia |
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What hormone stimulates mammary glands to produce milk? |
Prolactin |
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What hormone stimulates mammary glands to release milk? |
Oxytocin |
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What is another function of oxytocin? |
Stimulates contraction of uterine muscle during labor and child delivery Potentially aids in male sperm emission And may stimulate muscle contractions in the uterus and vaginal promoting sperm transport |
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What connects the two lobes of the thyroid? |
Isthmus |
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How are thyroid hormones transported? |
Transported bound by plasma protein |
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What type of hormones are thyroid hormones such as thyroxine and triidothyronine? |
Amino acid derivatives but even though they bind to receptors inside the cell |
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What causes a goiter? |
Insufficient iodine intake leads to inability to synthesize thyroid hormones and because of that levels of TSH increase and stimulate thyroid gland to work much harder to produce more thyroid hormones Because of that the thyroid gland enlarges causing a goiter that interferes with swallowing and breathing |
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What do C cells of the thyroid gland produce ? |
Calcitonin |
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What is the term for high blood calcium level? |
Hypercalcemia |
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What happens when you have hypercalcemia? |
Decreased sodium permeability of excitable membranes Results in less responsive muscles and nerves |
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What prevents hypercalcemia? |
Calcitonin |
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How many parathyroid glands are there? |
4 |
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What is the function of the parathyroid gland? |
Reduces calcium excretion by kidney Stimulates kidney secretion of calcitriol which increases calcium and PO4 absorption in the digestive tract increasing Ca2+ in the blood |
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What is hypocalcemia? |
Low blood calcium levels |
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What happens when you have hypocalcemia? |
1. Increases sodium permeability of excitable membranes 2. Highly excitable spasmodic muscles 3. Convulsions or muscular spasms |
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What prevents hypocalcemia? |
Parathyroid gland |
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What are the two portions of the adrenal gland? |
1. Adrenal cortex 2. Adrenal Medulla |
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What does the adrenal cortex contain high levels of? |
Cholesterol and fatty acids |
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What are the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex called? |
Corticosteroids |
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What are the functions of corticosteroids? |
1. Are essential for metabolic function and vital to life 2. Transported in plasma bound to proteins |
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What are the three zones of the cortex and what do they produce? |
1. Zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids 2. Zona fasciculata produces glucocorticoids 3. Zona reticularis produces androgens |
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What mineralocorticoid is secreted in response to low plasma sodium, low BP, high plasma potassium, or presence of angiotensin II |
Aldosterone |
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What is the function of aldosterone? |
Triggers re absorption of sodium ions and elimination of potassium ions Secondary triggers water re absorption through osmosis |
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What affect glucose metabolism? |
Glucocorticoids |
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What is the function of glucocorticoids? |
Increase rates of glucose synthesis and glycogen formation, resulting in increase in blood glucose levels Also act as anti inflammatories (inhibit white blood cells) |
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What hormone stimulates the development of pubic hair in both girls and boys before puberty? |
Androgens |
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What is the function of androgens in adult women? |
Produces muscle mass, blood cell formation, and support sex drive |
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What is more potent in the body, thyroxine, or triidothyronine? |
Thyroxine (T4) |
