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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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hindsight bias
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the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it; "knew-it-all-along" phenomenon.
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critical thinking
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thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence and assesses conclusions.
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theory
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an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.
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hypothesis
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a testable prediction, often implied by a theory.
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operational definition
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a statement of the procedures used to define research variables.
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replication
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repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.
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case study
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an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.
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survey
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a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.
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population
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all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn.
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random sample
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a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.
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naturalistic observation
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observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.
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correlation
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a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.
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correlation coefficient
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a statistical index of the relationship between two things (+1 to -1)
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experiment
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a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (dependent variable).
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random assignment
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assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing pre-existing differences between those assigned to the different groups.
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double-blind procedure
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an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo.
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placebo effect
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Latin for "I shall please;"
results caused by expectations alone. |
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experimental group
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in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.
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control group
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in an experiment, the group that is NOT exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.
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double-blind procedure
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an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo.
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independent variable
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the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
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dependent variable
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the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulation of the _________ variable.
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mode
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the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution.
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experimental group
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in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.
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statistical significance
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a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.
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culture
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the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.
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