Chapter 1: The Scope Of Human Anatomy

Front 1

the study of the structural basis of body function

Back 1

human anatomy

Front 2

the study of the functional relevance of the structural basis of body function

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physiology

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not just the structural organs, but the functional reasons behind it

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functional morphology

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earliest anatomy written by

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Philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BCE), Greek physician Galen (129C-199CE), and the Persian physician Avicenna (980-1036 CE)

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modern anatomy dates back to ______when________questioned the accuracy of earlier authorities.

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16th century...Flemish physician/professor Andreas Versalius

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deceased body

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cadaver

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the study of structure visible to the naked eye, using methods such as surface observation, dissection, XRAYS and MRI scans

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gross anatomy

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the study of internal structure, using XRAYS and other medical imaging techniques

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radio logic anatomy

Front 9

the study of one organ system at a time and is the approach taken by most intro texts

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systemic anatomy

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study of multiple organ systems at once in a given region of the body

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regional anatomy

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to see individual cells; one takes tissue specimens, thinly slice and stain them and observe them under a microscope

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histology (microscopic anatomy)

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the microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease

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histopathology

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study of the structure and function of individual cells

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cytology

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fine detail, down to the molecular level, revealed by the electron microscope

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ultra structure

Front 15

study of more than one species in order to examine structural similarities and differences and analyze evolutionary trends

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comparative anatomy

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looking at the body's appearance in careful detail; performing a physical examination/ making a clinical diagnosis from surface appearance

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inspection

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feeling a structure with the hands

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palpation

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listening to the natural sounds made by the body

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auscultation

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examiner taps on the body, feels for abnormal resistance, and listens to the emitted sound for signs of abnormalities (i.e. pockets of fluid or air)

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percussion

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careful cutting and separation of tissues to reveal their relationships

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dissection

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opening the body and taking a look inside to see what was wrong and what could be done about it

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exploratory surgery

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methods of viewing the insides of the body without surgery

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medical imaging (techniques)

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branch of medicine concerned with imaging--anatomy learned in this way

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radiology; radio logic anatomy

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those who use radiologic methods for clinical purposes

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radiologists/radiologic technicians

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called____because it ejects electrons fromt eh atoms and molecules it strikes; can cause mutation and trigger cancer

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ionizing radiation

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do not involve any penetration of the skin or body orifices

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noninvasive

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imaging techniques may entail inserting ultrasound probes into the esophagus, vagina, or rectum to get closer to the organ to be imaged or injecting substances into the bloodstream or body passages to enhance image formation

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invasive

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first performed in 1895; the process of photographing internal structures with XRAYS

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radiology

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given orally for examination of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine, or by enema for examination of the large intestine

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barium sulfate

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the examination of blood vessels

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angiography

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formerly called a computerized axial tomographic scan; is a more sophisticated application of xrays that emits low-intensity x rays on one side and receives them with a detector on the opposite side; a computer analyzes signals from the detector and produces an image of "a slice" of the body about as thin as a coin.

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computed tomography ( a CT scan)

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conceived as a technique superior to CT for visualizing soft tissues; patient lies in chamber surrounded by a large electromagnet that creates a very strong magnetic field

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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

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a form of MRI that visualizes moment to moment changes in tissue function

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functional MRI

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used to assess the metabolic state of a tissue and to distinguish which tissues are most active at a given moment

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positron emission tomography (PET scan)

Front 35

electron-like particles with a positive charge

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positrons

Front 36

the use of radioisotopes to treat disease or to form diagnostic images of the body

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nuclear medicine

Front 37

second oldest and second most widely used method of imaging

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sonography

Front 38

sonographic imaging of the beating heart

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echocardiography