Chapter 1 Psyc2145

Front 1

Cognition involves which 6 mental processes?

Back 1

perception
attention
memory
problem solving
reasoning
decision making

*all include hidden processes of which we may not be aware.

Front 2

Donders (1868)
Mental Chronometry:

Back 2

measuring how long a cognitive process takes.

Hint 2

R-T experiements:
simple - one light, one button
complex - two lights, two buttons

complex-simple=time to make a decision

Front 3

Helmholtz (~1860s)
Unconscious Inference

Back 3

Some of our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions we make about the environment.

Front 4

Ebbinghaus (1885)
Memory experiment

Back 4

read list of nonsense syllables aloud many times to determine number of repetitions necessary to repeat list without errors. (DAX, QEH, etc).
Shorter intervals resulted in fewer repetitions to relearn.

Hint 4

savings=[(initial repetitions)-(relearning repetitions)]/(initial repetitions)

also, forgetting curve

Front 5

Wundt (1897)
First Psych Lab
Structuralism
Analytic Introspection

Back 5

experience is determined by combining elements of experience (sensations)

participants trained to describe experiences and though processes in response to stimuli

Front 6

John Watson's problems with analytic introspection

Back 6

-extremely variable results from person to person
-results difficult to verify (invisible mental processes)
-proposed a new approach - Behaviorism:

Hint 6

eliminate the mind as a topic of study and study directly observable behavior.

Front 7

Watson (1920)
little albert experiment

Back 7

9mo old became frightened by a rat when paired with a loud noise with every presentation of the rat.

Hint 7

-behavior can be analyzed without any reference to the mind
-examined how pairing one stimulus with another affected behavior.

Front 8

Skinner (1950s)
operant conditioning

Back 8

interested in determining relationship between stimuli and responding.
-behavior strengthened by positive or negative reinforcement.
-anything that occurs in the mind is irrelevant.

Hint 8

1957 - argues that children learn through operant conditioning.
-children imitate speech they hear
-correct speech is rewarded

Front 9

Chomsky (1959)

Back 9

argues that children do not only imitate. they say things they've never heard and things that are incorrect.
-over-regularization of errors
- not rewarded for this

Hint 9

language determined by inborn biological program.

language not determined by imitation or reinforcement

Front 10

Cherry (1953)
dichotic listening

Back 10

-present message a in left ear
-present message b in right ear

Hint 10

-to ensure attn., participants had to repeat back the info presented to one ear.
-largely unable to report what was presented in non-attended ear.

Front 11

Broadbent (1958)

Back 11

Flow diagram representing what happens as a person directs attn to one setimulus

Hint 11

input --> filter --> detector --> to memory

Front 12

Shepard and Metzler (1971)

Back 12

-participants rotad an image of an object in their mind to compare whether it was similar to or different from another object.

Hint 12

participants took longer to compare 2 objects separated by a larger angle than a smaller angle.

Front 13

Davechi et al (2003)
Physiologicaly

Back 13

-subjects presented a list of 200 words.
-generated mental image of word
-brain activity monitored by fMRI

Hint 13

-subjects later presented same 200 words and 200 new words. asked which they remembered.
-remembered words initially generated greater activity in perirhinal cortex.

Front 14

Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
Modal Model

Back 14

sensory memory
short-term memory
long-term memory

Hint 14

input --> sensory memory-->short term memory( <--rehersal)--> <-- long term memory