Chapter 1: Invitation To Biology

Front 1

molecule

Back 1

two or more joined atoms of the same or different elements.

Front 2

"Molecules of life" (5)

Back 2

complex carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, DNA and RNA

Front 3

Cell

Back 3

the smallest unit of life that can live and reproduce on its own or as a part of a multicelled organism. It has an outer membrane, DNA and other components

Front 4

tissue

Back 4

organized aggregation of cells and substances interacting in a specialized activity. (such as white cells that make up bone tissue)

Front 5

organ

Back 5

structural unit made of two or more tissues interacting in some task

Front 6

organ system

Back 6

organs interacting physically, chemically, or both in some tast. Parrotfish skin is an integumentary system with tissue layers, organs such as glands, and other parts

Front 7

multicelled organism

Back 7

individual made of different types of cells. Cells of most multicelled organisms, including this Red Sea parrotfish, are organized as tissues, organs and organ systems.

Front 8

population

Back 8

group of single celled or multicelled individuals of the same species occupying a specified area.

Front 9

community

Back 9

all populations of all species occulying a specified area. for example a aprt of a coral reef in the Gulf of Aqaba at the northern end of the Red Sea.

Front 10

ecosystem

Back 10

a community that is interacting with its physical environment. It has inputs and outputs of energy and materials. Reef ecosystems that flourish in warm, clear, seawater throught the middle east.

Front 11

biosphere

Back 11

all regions of the earths waters, crust, and atmosphere that hold organisms. In the vast universe earth is a rare planet, without its abundance of free-flowing waterthere would be no life.

Front 12

Living things are only made up of

Back 12

nucleic acids, proteins, complex carbohydrates and lipids.

Front 13

DNA

Back 13

DNA holds info for building proteins from smaller molecules, the amino acids.

Front 14

Why are proteins so important??

Back 14

Many proteins are structural materials, regulators of cell activities, and enzymes.

Front 15

Enzymes

Back 15

Enzymes are the cells main worker molecules. They build, split, and rearrange the molcules of life in was that keep cells alive. Without enzymes nothing much can be done with DNA's information.

Front 16

Inheritance

Back 16

means acquisition of traits after parents transmit their DNA to offspring.

Front 17

reproduction

Back 17

refers to actual mechanisms by which parents transmit DNA to their offspring.

Front 18

development

Back 18

the transformation of the first cell of a new individual into a multicelled adult, typically with many different tissues and organs.

Front 19

energy

Back 19

the capacity to do work

Front 20

metabolism

Back 20

a process where every cell acquires and uses energy to maintain itself, grow and make more cells.

Front 21

producers

Back 21

producers are plants and other organisms that make their own food molecules from simple raw materials.

Front 22

consumers

Back 22

are animals and decomposers. They cannot make their food on their own, they survive by feeding on tissues of producers and other organisms.

Front 23

decomposers

Back 23

mostly the kinds of bacteria and fungi that break down sugars and other molecules to simpler materials.

Front 24

How does energy flow?

Back 24

Energy flows from the environment, through producers, then consumers, and then back to the environment.

Front 25

receptors

Back 25

receptors are molecules and structures the detect stimuli, which are specific kinds of energy. Different receptors respond to different stimuli, which are specific kinds of energy.

Front 26

Stimulus

Back 26

a stimulus may be sunlight energy, chemical protein energy ( as when a substance is more concentrated outside a cell than inside)

Front 27

homeostasis

Back 27

organisms keep the internal environment within a range that cells can tolerate.

Front 28

species

Back 28

millions of kinds of organisms

Front 29

Who devised a scheme for classifying organisms?

Back 29

Carolus Linneaus

Front 30

genus

Back 30

the first part of naming a species. each genus is one or more species grouped together on the basis of a number of traits that are unique to that group alone.

Front 31

The 2nd part to naming and classifying organisms refers to?

Back 31

it refers to a particular species within the genus.

Front 32

The three domains of classifying organisms are:

Back 32

archaea, bacteria and eukarya

Front 33

archaea

Back 33

1.single celled. 2.prokaryotic
3.live in boiling ocean water, freezing desert rocks,etc.

Front 34

bacteria

Back 34

1.single celled, 2.prokaryotic,
3. aka eubacteria. which means true bacteria. They are far more common than archaens, they live throughout the world in diverse habitats. By far the most common prokaryotes; most metabolically diverse organisms on earth.

Front 35

Prokaryotes

Back 35

do not have a nucleus, includes diverse producers or consumers, - theirs shows the greatest metabolic diversity

Front 36

eukaryotes

Back 36

plants, fungi, animals and protists are members of eukarya, which means they have nuclei. eukaryotes are generally larger and far more complex than the prokaryotes

Front 37

plants

Back 37

multi-celled, photosynthetic producers. They can make their own food by using simple raw materials and sunlight as an energy source.

Front 38

fungi

Back 38

single celled and multicelled eukaryotes, mostly decomposers (also parasites and pathogens) and consumers witha distinct way of feeding. they secrete enzymes that digest food outside the fungal body, then their individual cells absorb the digested nutrients.

Front 39

animals

Back 39

multicelled eukaroyotic consumers that ingest tissues or juices of other organisms. Different kinds of animals are herbivores (grazers), carnivores (meat eaters), scavengers, and parasites.

Front 40

protists

Back 40

diverse single celled and multicelled eukaryotic species that range from microscopic cells to giant seaweeds.

Front 41

mutations

Back 41

causes variation in traits. these are heritable changes in DNA.

Front 42

evolution

Back 42

means heritable change in a line of descent

Front 43

diversity

Back 43

refers to variations in traits that have accumulated in lines of descent.

Front 44

natural selection

Back 44

1. populations tend to increase, past the capacity of their environment so the members must compete for resources
2. individuals of natural populations differ from one another in the details of their shared traits. Most variation has heritable traits.
3. - when individuals differ in their ability to survive and reproduce the traits help them do so tend to become more common in the population over time.

Front 45

the scientific method

Back 45

observe, formulate hypothesis, make a prediction (if-then statement), test accuracy of prediction and build models, check to see whats gone wrong, repeat the tests or devise new ones, objectively analyze and report the test results, and the conclusions you have drawn from them