Chapter 1 Immunology

Front 1

Primary lymphoid organs

Back 1

Bone marrow
Thymus

Front 2

Secondary lymphoid organs (7)

Back 2

Spleen
Lymph Node Appendix
Adenoids
Tonsils
GALT
BALT

Front 3

GALT

Back 3

Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue

Peyers Patch

Front 4

BALT

Back 4

Bronchial Associated Lymphoid Tissue

Front 5

When you get a cut (with a knife covered in baloney) the ____ & ____ recognize that boloney is not You.

Back 5

Macrophages and dendritic cells

Front 6

____ and ___ go to
Lymph Node and present chopped up (baloney) to
B cells and T cells

Back 6

Macrophages and Dendritic cells

Front 7

Macrophages and Dendritic cells go to _____ and present chopped up (baloney) to
B cells and T cells

Back 7

Lymph Node

Front 8

Macrophages and Dendritic cells go to
Lymph Node and present chopped up (baloney) to
____ & ____

Back 8

B cells and T cells

Front 9

Afferent

Back 9

lymph from tissues coming in

Front 10

Efferent

Back 10

going out

Front 11

vessicles going into and out of the lymph nodes

Back 11

Afferent (going in) & Efferent (going out)

Front 12

the Lymphoid follicle contains the ______

Back 12

contains germinal center

Front 13

Immunology

Back 13

the study of the body's defense mechanism against infection

Front 14

Edward Jenner

Back 14

Name the Scientist: the origin of immunology

Front 15

This scientist observed that the mild disease of cowpox protected against fatal disease of smallpox.

Back 15

Edward Jenner (origin of immunology)

Front 16

This scientist observed that milkmaids milking cows did not get smallpox

Back 16

Edward Jenner (origin of immunology)

Front 17

This scientist demonstrates inoculation with cowpox protects against smallpox

Back 17

Edward Jenner (origin of immunology)

Front 18

vaccination

Back 18

inoculation of healthy individuals with weakened or attenuated strains of disease-causing agents

Front 19

vaccination

Back 19

the deliberate induction of adaptive immunity to a pathogen by injecting a vaccine, a dead or attenuated (nonpathogenic) form of a pathogen

Front 20

attenuated

Back 20

less virulent strain of the virus, to weaken or to make (or become) thin

Front 21

adaptive immunity

Back 21

is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogenic challenges

Front 22

pathogen

Back 22

infectious organisms: viruses, bacteria, fungi, and unicellular and multicelllular eukaryotic organisms - parasites

Front 23

eukaryotic cell

Back 23

cells that possess a membrane-bound nucleus (that holds genetic material) as well as membrane-bound organelles. Genetic material in eukaryotes is contained within a nucleus within the cell and DNA is organized into chromosomes.

Front 24

vaccine

Back 24

A mixture that is given to help stimulate the body's own immune system to produce antibodies to fight a certain disease. The mixture contains weakened or killed microbes (bacteria or viruses) or microbe parts.

Front 25

1979

Back 25

World Health Organization announce smallpox is eradicated.

Front 26

Robert Koch

Back 26

Scientist who proves infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms, each one responsible for a specific disease

Front 27

Four broad categories of disease causing microorganisms, or pathogens

Back 27

viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites (unicellular and multicellular eukaryotic organisms)

Front 28

unicellular

Back 28

Algae is any of a wide variety of photosynthetic organisms lacking a vascular system. Most prokaryotes are made up of just a single cell; e.g. diatoms; and some green algae.

Front 29

multicellular

Back 29

red algae (multicellular), and green algae (unicellular or multicellular).

Front 30

prokaryotic cell

Back 30

Prokaryotes are organisms made up of cells that lack a cell nucleus or any membrane-encased organelles. This means the genetic material DNA in prokaryotes is not bound within a nucleus. Additionally, the DNA is less structured in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, DNA is a single loop.

Front 31

2 groups of prokaryotic cells

Back 31

Scientists have divided the prokaryotes into two groups, the Bacteria and the Archaea.

Front 32

unicellular eukaryotic
vs
multicellular eukaryotic

Back 32

Eukaryotic organisms may be multicellular or single-celled organisms. All animals are eukaryotes. Other eukaryotes include plants, fungi, and protists.

Front 33

parasites

Back 33

unicellular eukaryotic and
multicellular eukaryotic organisms

Front 34

Luis Pasteur

Back 34

scientist who created a vaccine against cholera in chickens and rabies vaccine with spectacular success upon its first trial in a boy bitten by a rabid dog - led to search for mechanisms of protection & development of the science of immunology

Front 35

Luis Pasteur (date)

Back 35

1880's scientist whose created vaccine against cholera in chickens and rabies vaccine for boy bitten by rabid dog

Front 36

cholera

Back 36

acute diarrheal illness caused by a bacteria found in food and water. Cholera leads to an infection of the small intestine which results in extreme diarrhea which may lead to massive dehydration and death.

Front 37

rabies

Back 37

an acute viral disease of the nervous system of warm-blooded animals (usually transmitted by the bite of a rabid animal); is fatal if the virus reaches the brain

Front 38

Emil von Behring & Shibasaburo Kitasato

Back 38

discovered the serum of animals immune to diptheria or tetanus contained a specific "antitox activity" that could confer short lived protection against the effects of diptheria or tetanus toxins in people; this activity due to the protein antibodies

Front 39

serum

Back 39

the fluid component of clotted blood

Front 40

diptheria

Back 40

A highly infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract characterised by a sore throat, fever and causing difficulty in breathing. It is caused by a bacterium which produces a toxin that leads to inflammation of the heart and nervous system.

Front 41

tetanus

Back 41

A serious and often fatal disease arising through infection of an open wound by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tetani that is found in soil and the intestines and faeces of animals. The bacteria produce an exotoxin which causes spasmodic contraction of voluntary muscles, especially those of the neck and jaw.

Front 42

antitoxic

Back 42

counteracting a toxin or poison

Front 43

antitoxic activity

Back 43

immunity against toxins, attributable to the presence of specific antitoxin(s) in the immune individual.

Front 44

toxins

Back 44

Toxins can be small molecules, peptides, or proteins and are capable of causing disease on contact with or absorption by body tissues

Front 45

antibodies

Back 45

proteins that bind specifically to a particular substance; its antigen. Each ___ molecule has a unique structure that enables it to bind specifically to its corresponding antigen.

Front 46

antibodies are known collectively as ____

Back 46

immunoglobulins or Igs

Front 47

___ are produced by plasma cells in response to infection or immunization.

Back 47

Andibodies

Front 48

____ bind to and neutralize pathogens or prepare them for uptake and destruction by phagocytes

Back 48

Antibodies

Front 49

protein (these are found in proteins)

Back 49

Twenty different amino acids are commonly found in proteins, each protein having a unique, genetically defined amino acid sequence that determines its specific shape and function.

Front 50

proteins (contain)

Back 50

any of a group of complex organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur

Front 51

antigen

Back 51

any substance that can be recognized and responded to by the adaptive immune system

Front 52

antigen

Back 52

Their name arises from their ability to generate antibodies. However some antigens do not, by themselves elicit antibody production; those antigens that can induce antibody productrion are called immunogens.

Front 53

those antigens that can induce antibody productrion are called _______.

Back 53

immunogens

Front 54

immunoglobulins (Igs). Immunoglobulin A: see (Iga)

Back 54

the protein family to which antibodies and b-cell receptors belong.

Front 55

plasma cells

Back 55

are terminally differentiated B lymphocytes and are the main antibody secreting cells of the body. They are found in the medulla of the lymph nodes, in splenic red pulp, and in bone marrow.

Front 56

immunization

Back 56

the deliberate provocation of an adaptive immune response by introducing antigen into the body.

Front 57

Name the phagocytic cells

Back 57

monocytes/macrophages, granulocytes, and dendritic cells, (also NK cells/ per S.T.)

Front 58

phagocytic cells (phagocytes)

Back 58

these cells are able to ingest and kill microbes by producing a variety of toxic chemicals and powerful degradative enzymes.

Front 59

immunogen

Back 59

any agent or substance capable of provoking an immune response or producing immunity

Front 60

all of the cellular elements of the blood, including the cells of the immune system, arise from ____ in the bone marrow

Back 60

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

Front 61

Pluripotent hemotopoeietic stem cells divide to produce two types of stem cells

Back 61

a common lyphoid progenitor and myeloid progenitor

Front 62

the lymphoid progenitor gives rise to

Back 62

white blood cells (leukocytes) 1) NK cells 2) T cells & 3) B cells

Front 63

A common myeloid progenitor gives rise to the rest of the leukocytes:

Back 63

1) erythrocytes RBC's 2) megakaryocytes (produce platelets) 3) dendritic cells 4) neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, 5) Mast cell 6) Monocyte (Macrophage)

Front 64

T & B cells have _____ which other leukocytes do not

Back 64

antigen receptors

Front 65

After encounter with antigen, B cells differentiate into ____

Back 65

antibody secreting plasma cells

Front 66

After encounter with antigen, T cells differentiate into ____

Back 66

effector T cells (variety of functions: Cytotoxic, Helper, Regulatory)

Front 67

unlike T & B cells NK cells lack ____

Back 67

antigen specificity

Front 68

Name all leukocytes

Back 68

1) B cell 2) T cell 3) NK cell 4) Monocytes (macrophages) 5) dendritic cells 6) neutrophils 7) esinophils 8) basophils 9) Mast cells

Front 69

Name all granulocytes, also known as _____.

Back 69

a. 1) Neutrophils 2) Eosinophils 3) Basophils; b. also known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Front 70

granulocytes are named because of their:

Back 70

cytoplasmic granules whose staining gives these cells a distinctive appearance in blood smears

Front 71

phagocytic cells that enter tissues and mature after they encounter ____.

Back 71

a. dendritic cells
b. potential pathogen

Front 72

phagocytic cells that enter tissues and differentiate into _____.

Back 72

a. Monocytes
b. Macrophages

Front 73

these leukocytes enter tissues to maturate.

Back 73

1) dendritic cells
2) Monocytes (Macrophages)
3) Mast cells

Front 74

the responses we make against infection by potentiall pathogens are known as ____

Back 74

immune responses

Front 75

a specific immune response such as the production of antibodies against a particular pathogen or its products is known as an ____

Back 75

adaptive immune response

Front 76

____ confers lifelong protective immunity to reinfection wiht the same pathogen

Back 76

immunological memory

Front 77

name a functions that distinguishes adaptive immune response from innate immune response

Back 77

adaptive has 1) lasting immunological memory 2) specific for individual pathogen by antibody production.

Front 78

Eli Metchnikoff

Back 78

scientist who discovered that many microorganisms could e engulfed and digested by phagocytic cells, which he called macrophages.

Front 79

a frontline componene of innate immune responses

Back 79

Macrophages

Front 80

antibodies against influenza virus will protect against poliovirus (T or F) b. is this an example of innate or adaptive immune response?

Back 80

a. False
b. adaptive immune response

Front 81

Name Lymphocytes

Back 81

1) B cells 2) T cells 3) NK cells; B & T cells are specialized, NK cells are not.

Front 82

effector cells are ___

Back 82

activated T & B cells

Front 83

the immune system is conmprised of

Back 83

a variety of effector cells and molecules

Front 84

Name functions of immune response

Back 84

1) immunological recognition 2) contain infection/eliminate completely (immune effector functions)
3) Immune regulation
4) immunological memory

Front 85

immunological recognition

Back 85

the presence of an infection detected (by WBC's of innate immune system and lymphocytes of adaptive)

Front 86

immune effetor function

Back 86

purpos: to contain the infection/eliminate completely; complement system of blood proteins, antibodies, & the destructive capacities of lymphocytes and other WBC's

Front 87

Immune regulation

Back 87

immune response must be kept under contol; the ability of the immune system to self regulate

Front 88

examples of failure of the body's immune regulation

Back 88

allergies & autoimmune disease

Front 89

autoimmune disease

Back 89

arise from an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body. In other words, the body attacks its own cells.

Front 90

autoimmune diseases (name some)

Back 90

Rheumatoid Arthritis, Lupus, Multiple Sclerosis, Crohn's Disease, Celiac Disease ..

Front 91

immunological memory

Back 91

having been exposed once to an infectious agent, a person will make an immediate & stronger response against any subsequent exposure to it.

Front 92

finding ways of generating long lasting immunity to pathogens that do not naturally provoke

Back 92

greatest challenge facing immunologists today

Front 93

name the initial defenses which are not part of the immune system

Back 93

physical & chemical barriers skin/dry

Front 94

first cells to respond when initial defenses are overcome

Back 94

phagocytic WBC's (Macrophages)

Front 95

adaptive immune response is present only in ____

Back 95

vertebrates

Front 96

Innate immunity is observed in

Back 96

all animals, plants, and invertebrate sea stars (contain Macrophages)

Front 97

Adaptive immune response depends on the ____

Back 97

specific recognition functions of lymphocytes

Front 98

Lymphocytes can recognize and respond to individual antigens by means of ___ on the ____

Back 98

(highly specialized)
a. Antigen Receptors
b. Lymphocyte Surface

Front 99

blood proteins comprised of

Back 99

plasma and and free flowing proteins (complement is 1 type of blood protein)

Front 100

Serum

Back 100

The clear liquid that can be separated from clotted blood

Front 101

Plasma

Back 101

The liquid part of the blood and lymphatic fluid, which makes up about half of its volume. __ contains antibodies and other proteins.

Front 102

Serum vs. Plasma

Back 102

a. Serum - contains water fluid + proteins
b. Plasma - contain fibrinogen, liquid, proteins & cells (RBC's, WBC's, platelets - per T.S.)

Front 103

complement is 1 of a group of about ____ , and is basically responsible for ____. And some ___ & ___.

Back 103

a. about 30 blood proteins
b. cell lysis
c. some opsinization, some anaphalactic ...

Front 104

list some blood proteins

Back 104

complement, c-reactive protein, cytokines...

Front 105

name the myelocytes

Back 105

dendritic cells, neutorphils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and monocytes (macrophages) total (6)

Front 106

all leukocytes originate in

Back 106

the bone marrow

Front 107

List the leukocytes that mature in the bone marrow:

Back 107

B cells,

Front 108

These Leukocytes migrate to guard peripheral tissues and reside in the tissues

Back 108

T cells

Front 109

These Leukocytes migrate to the peripheral tissues and circulate in the bloodstream in a specialized system of vessels called___.

Back 109

a. plasma
b. lymphatic system

Front 110

lymphatic system

Back 110

drains extracellular fluid and free cells from tissues, transports them throught he body and then empties back into the blood system.

Front 111

1 % _____ resides in blood, the rest in nodes/lymphatic system (per S.T.)

Back 111

plasma

Front 112

WBC's travel everywhere and are nosy, their job is to

Back 112

touch everything and differentiate what is self and non-self (per S.T.)

Front 113

Cytokines will get the chemical message such as (for instance)

Back 113

.. more neutrophils needed over here, (per S.T.)

Front 114

These cells reside in Nodes

Back 114

lymphocytes & plasma cells (per S.T.)

Front 115

how does the lymph system move?

Back 115

muscle cells contract adn "milk" the lymph system into moving (per S.T)

Front 116

job of RBC's

Back 116

to transport oxygen

Front 117

job of platelets

Back 117

triggers clotting in damaged tissues

Front 118

all cellular elements of the blood are derived from the ____

Back 118

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (of the bone marrow)

Front 119

Pluripotent Hematopoietic Stem Cells give rise to ____ which in turn give rise to ___ & ____.

Back 119

a. lymphoid progenitor (B cells, T cells, NK cells)
b. myeloid progenitor (everything else, including platelets and erythroblasts (rbc's)

Front 120

Neutrophils are both

Back 120

granulocytic and phagocytic

Front 121

The Myeloid lineage comprises most of the cells of the ____.

Back 121

Innate Immune system (Macrophages, granulocytes, mast cells & dendritic cells)

Front 122

Macrophages reside here

Back 122

resident in almost all tissues

Front 123

Monocytes reside here

Back 123

circulate the blood and continiually migrate into tissues

Front 124

Macrophages mature here

Back 124

these cells maturate in the tissues

Front 125

long lived cell

Back 125

Macrophages

Front 126

duties of Macrophages

Back 126

1)engulf & kill pathogens
2) first defense, innate immunity
3) dispose of pathogens & infected cells targeted by adaptive immune response.
4) orchestrate immune response/induce infflamation

Front 127

Monocytes reside _____, Macrophages reside ____.

Back 127

a.
b. Tissues