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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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immunologically active regions of an immunogen that bind to antigen-sprecific membrane receptors on lymphocytes or to secreted Abs
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epitopes
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serve as teh effectors of humoral imunity by searching out antigens and marking them for elimination
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secreted antibodies
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All antibodies share (3 things)
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structural features
bind to Ag participate in a limited number of effector functions |
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the population of Ab's produced in response to particular Ag stimuus is...
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heterogeneous
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members of the antibody protein family
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immunoglobulins (Ig)
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Immunogenicity
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the ability to induce a humoral and/or cell-mediated immune response
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b cells + Ag -->
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effector B cells + memory B cells
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Effector B cells -->
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plasma cell --> secretes Ab
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T cells + Ag -->
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effector T cells + memory T cells
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Effector T cells -->
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CTLs, Th, etc --> secretes cytokines and cytotoxic factors
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substance that induces a specific immune response
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immunogen
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Antigenicity
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the ability to combine secifically w/the final products of the secreted Ab or TCRs
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carrier
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large immunogenic protein
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carrier + hapten =
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hapten-carrier conjugate.
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animals immunized w/hapten-carrier conjugate produces 3 specific Abs
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1) the hapten determinant
2)unaltered epitopes on the carrier protein 3) new epitopes formed by regions of both the hapten and the carrier molecule in combination |
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alone, cannot function as an immunogenic epitope
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hapten
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Landsteiner
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teseted whether an antihapten Ab could bind to other haptens, with slightly different chemical sturctures. if binding occured, it was called cross-rxn.
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Landsteiners discovery
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overall configuratoin of a hapten plays a major role in determining whether it can react w/a given Ab.
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All of these can function as hapten
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drugs, peptide hormones, steroid hormones
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tolerance of self
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a specific unresponsiveness to self antigens;arises during lymphocyte development
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display very little immunogenicity across diverse species lines
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macromoleules like collagen and cytochrome that are higly conserved t/o evolutione
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the most active immunogens ten to have a molecular mass of
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>100,000 daltons.
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synthetic homopolymers
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polymers composed of multiple copies of a single amino aid or sugar
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These tend to ack immunogenicity regardless of their size
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synthetic homopolymers
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adjuvants
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substances that, when mixed w/an Ag and injected w/it, enhance the immunogenicity of that antigen
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known adjuvants
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synthetic polyribonucleotides, bacterial lipopolysaccharides; now recognized as ligands for the TLRs
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Adjuvants appear to exert on or more of the following effects:
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ag persistence is prolonged
costimulatory signals are enhanced local inflammation is increased the nonspecific proliferation of lymphocytes is stimulated |
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alum
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aluminum potassium sulfate; only adjuvant approved for general human use
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contains Ag in aqueous solution, ineral oil, and an emulsifying agent such as mannide monooleate
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Freund's incomplete adjuvant
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dense, macrophage-rich mass of cells
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granuloma
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