Chapter 1: Foundations Of Civilizations Vocabulary

Front 1

Historians

Back 1

scholars who study and write about the historical past

Front 2

Artifacts

Back 2

objects made by humans

Front 3

Anthropology

Back 3

the origins and development of people and their societies

Front 4

Culture

Back 4

refers to the way of like of a society

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Archaeology

Back 5

is the study of past people and cultures through their material remains

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Mary Leakey and Louis Leakey

Back 6

started searching for clues to the human past in a deep canyon in Tanzania called Olduvai George

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Technology

Back 7

refers to the skills and tools people use to meet their basic needs and wants

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Hominids

Back 8

a group that includes humans and their closest relatives, all walk upright on 2 feet

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Donald Johanson

Back 9

found additional evidence of early hominids in 1974n found a skeleton and named it Lucy after a Beatles song

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Old Stone Age or Paleolithic Period

Back 10

the long period from at least 2 million B.C. to about 10,000 B.C.

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New Stone Age or Neolithic Period

Back 11

period from about 10,000 B.C. until the end of prehistory

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Nomads

Back 12

early modern people who move from place to place to find food

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Animism

Back 13

spirits and forces that might reside in animals, objects, or dreams

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Neolithic Revolution

Back 14

the transition from nomadic like to settled framing brought about such dramatic changes in way of life

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Domesticate

Back 15

to raise in a controlled way that makes them best suited to human use

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Catalhuyuk

Back 16

one of the first Neolithic villages in modern day Turkey

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Jericho

Back 17

one of the first Neolithic villages which still exists today as an Israeli-controlled city

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Surpluses

Back 18

usually according to food, more than necessary

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Traditional Economy

Back 19

relies on habit, custom, or ritual and tends not to change over time

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Civilization

Back 20

is a complex, highly organized social order

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Steppes

Back 21

sparse, dry grasslands

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Polytheistic

Back 22

the belief in many gods

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Artisans

Back 23

skilled craftspeople

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Pictographs

Back 24

simple drawings that look like the objects they represent

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Scribes

Back 25

specially trained people that could read and write

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Cultural Diffusion

Back 26

the spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another

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City-state

Back 27

a political unit that included a city and its surrounding lands and villages

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Empire

Back 28

is a group of states or territories controlled by one ruler

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Fertile Crescent

Back 29

a region of the Middle East named for its rich soils and golden wheat fields

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Mesopotamia

Back 30

means "between the rivers" and is the area between the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers, which flow from the highlands of modern-day Turkey through Iraq into the Persian Gulf

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Hierarchy

Back 31

system of ranking groups

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Ziggurat

Back 32

a large, stepped platform thought to have been topped by a temple dedicated to the chief's god or goddess

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Cuneiform

Back 33

earliest known writing on making marks on clay tablets

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Sargon

Back 34

the ruler of Akkad who invaded and conquered the neighboring city-states of Sumer

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Hammurabi

Back 35

king of Babylon, brought much of Mesopotamia under the control of his empire

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Codify

Back 36

arrange and set down in writing, all the laws that would govern a state

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Civil Law

Back 37

branch of law that deals with private rights and matters, such as business contracts, taxes, marriage, and divorce

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Criminal Law

Back 38

branch of law that deals with offenses against others, such a robbery, assault, or murder

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Nebuchadnezzar

Back 39

ruthless second king of Baylon

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Barter Economy

Back 40

exchange one set of goods or services for another

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Money Economy

Back 41

goods and services are paid for through the exchange of some token of an agreed value, such as a coin or a bill

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Zoroaster

Back 42

persian thinker who helped to unite the empire

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Colony

Back 43

is a territory settled and ruled by people from another land

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Alphabet

Back 44

is a writing system in which each symbol represents a single basic sound, such as a consonant or vowel

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Cataract

Back 45

waterfall

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Delta

Back 46

is a triangular area of marshland formed by deposits of silt at the mouth of some rivers

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Dynasty

Back 47

ruling family

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Pharaohs

Back 48

another word for Egyptian king

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Bureaucracy

Back 49

a system of government that includes different job functions and levels of authority

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Vizier

Back 50

chief minister who would supervise the business of government

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Hatshepsut

Back 51

During the New Kingdom, Egypt's first female ruler who took charge

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Thutmose III

Back 52

Hatshepsut's stepson

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Ramses II

Back 53

became the Pharaoh of the New Kingdom

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Amon- Re

Back 54

the Sun God

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Osiris and Iris?

Back 55

?

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Akhenaton

Back 56

means "he who serves Aton" and he ordered priests to worship Aton and to remove the names of other gods from their temples

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Mummification

Back 57

the preservation of dead bodies by embalming them and wrapping them in cloth

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Hieroglyphics

Back 58

a system in which symbols or pictures called hieroglyphs represent objects, concepts, or sounds

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Papyrus

Back 59

a plant that grows along the banks of the Nile

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Deciphering

Back 60

figuring out the meaning of

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Rosetta Stone

Back 61

flat, black stone that presents the same passage carved in hieroglyphics, demotic script, and Greek

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Monotheistic

Back 62

believing that there is only one god

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Torah

Back 63

includes the first five books of the Hebrew Bible- Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy

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Abraham

Back 64

a man who lived near Ur in Mesopotamia

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Covenant

Back 65

binding agreement

Front 66

Moses

Back 66

a man who later renewed God's covenant with the Israelites

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David

Back 67

the strong and wise second king of Israel, united these tribes into a single nation

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Solomon

Back 68

David's son who followed David as king

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Patriarchal

Back 69

means that the mean held the greatest legal and moral authority

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Sabbath

Back 70

a holy day for rest and worship

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Prophets

Back 71

spiritual leaders who emerge to interpret God's will

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Ethics

Back 72

moral standards of behavior

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Diaspora

Back 73

spreading of the Jewish people