Chapter 1: An Introduction To The Human Body

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

the scientific study of the body's structures

Front 2

Gross Anatomy (Macroscopic Anatomy)

Back 2

the study of the larger structures of the body without the use of magnification

Front 3

Microscopic Anatomy

Back 3

the study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a microscope or other magnification devices

Front 4

Regional Anatomy

Back 4

the study of the interrelationships of all of the structures in a specific body region

Front 5

Systemic Anatomy

Back 5

the study of the structures that make up a discrete body system (a group of structures that work together to perform a unique body function)

Front 6

Physiology

Back 6

the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life

Front 7

Homeostasis

Back 7

the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things

Front 8

Two ways physiologists may work:

Back 8

-Organ Level ( exploring what different parts of the brain do)

-Molecular Level (exploring how an electrochemical signal travels along nerves)

Front 9

Order of fundamental levels of organization from small to large

Back 9

-subatomic particles

-atoms

-molecules

-organelles

-cells

-tissues

-organs

-organ systems

-organisms

Front 10

What does scientist consider the simplest building blocks of matter?

Back 10

subatomic particles, atoms and molecules

Front 11

Elements

Back 11

unique pure substances (Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, iron, etc.)

Front 12

atom

Back 12

the smallest unit of any pure substance (elements)

made up of protons, electrons, and neutrons

Front 13

molecules

Back 13

two or more atoms combined (ex. Pure Water)

Front 14

cell

Back 14

the smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism

in humans, they perform all functions of life

Front 15

organelles

Back 15

located within a human cell that consists of flexible membranes that enclose cytoplasm, a water-based cellular fluid together with a variety of tiny functioning units (organelles)

Front 16

tissue

Back 16

a group of many similar cells that work together to perform a specific function

Front 17

organ

Back 17

atomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types

Front 18

organ system

Back 18

a group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body

(most organs contribute to multiple systems)

Front 19

organism

Back 19

-highest level of organization

- a living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life

Front 20

(Life Functions) Maintaining Barriers

Back 20

maintain internal environment separate from external (semi-permeable membrane and integumentary system, aka skin)

Front 21

(Life Functions) Movement

Back 21

Provided by muscles

Front 22

(Life Functions) Responsiveness

Back 22

Provided by nervous system and it provides the body with sensors to detect changes in the body and signals changes in other systems

Front 23

(Life Functions) Digestion

Back 23

Breakdown of foodstuffs into nutrients we can absorb

Front 24

(Life Functions) Metabolism

Back 24

Chemical rxn's that allow the breakdown and synthesis of compounds - uses O2 and nutrients to make ATP

Front 25

Anabolism

Back 25

smaller, simpler molecules combine into larger more complex molecules

Front 26

Catabolism

Back 26

larger more complex substances are broken down into smaller simpler molecules87bbu`

Front 27

(Life Functions) Excretion

Back 27

The removal of waste from the body

Front 28

(Life Functions) Reproduction

Back 28

Can be done on the cellular level (growth and repair) and/or the organism level (survival of species)

Front 29

(Life Functions) Growth

Back 29

increase # of cells/size

Front 30

Survival Needs

Back 30

Water (3 days w/o), Oxygen (3 mins w/o), Nutrients (3 weeks w/o), Normal body temperature (37 degrees - 98.6 degrees)

Front 31

Oxygen

Back 31

-makes up 20% of the atmospheric air

-a key component to chemical reactions in the body

-without oxygen for ... 5 mins likely leads to brain damage; 10 mins likely leads to death

Front 32

Nutrients

Back 32

a substance in foods and beverages that is essential to human survival

Front 33

(Nutrients) Water

Back 33

-makes up about 70% of the body

-helps regulate internal temperature

-cushions, protects, and lubricates joints and other body structures

-only survive a few days without water

Front 34

(Nutrients) Energy Yeilding Nutrients

Back 34

-primarily carbohydrates and lipids

-these are broken down and absorbed to be used in a metabolic process to produce ATP

-You can survive without this for several weeks

Front 35

(Nutrients) Body Building Nutrients

Back 35

-proteins supply the amino acids that are the building blocks of the body itself

Front 36

macronutrients

Back 36

refers to water and energy yielding nutrients because of the body's need for them in large amounts

Front 37

microeconomics

Back 37

refers to vitamins and minerals

Front 38

How does sweating work?

Back 38

-as sweat evaporates from the skin, it removes some thermal energy from the body, cooling it

-the body needs to have an adequate amount of water

-sweat is not that effective in a humid environment which leads to internal body temperature to get dangerously high

Front 39

How does the body warm its self up when in a cold environment

Back 39

-shivering (random muscle movements that generate heat)

-increasing the breakdown of stored energy to generate heat

Front 40

Hypothermia

Back 40

the clinical term from an abnormally low body temperature

Front 41

Controlled Hypothermia

Back 41

-clinically induced hypothermia performed in order to reduce the metabolic rate of an organ or of a person's entire body

-ex. used during open heart surgery

-causes the patient's organs to require less blood to function

Front 42

pressure

Back 42

a force exerted by a substance that is in contact with another substance

Front 43

atmospheric pressure

Back 43

the pressure exerted by the mixture of gases in the earth's atmosphere

Front 44

what are the effects of atmospheric pressure in the body?

Back 44

-keeps gases within your body dissolved

- allows the exchange of oxygen and Carbon dioxide within the lungs (this is why altitude sickness occurs)

Front 45

Decompression Sickness (DCS)

Back 45

a condition in which gases dissolved in the blood or in other body tissues are no longer dissolved following a reduction in pressure on the body

-effects underwater divers and pilots flying in unpressurized planes

-In DCS, gases dissolved in the blood come rapidly out of solution, forming bubbles in the blood and in other body tissues

-Causes pain in joints, headaches, disturbance of vision, and sometimes death

-treatment is pure oxygen through the use of a hyperbaric chamber

Front 46

Blood pressure

Back 46

the pressure exerted by blood as it flows within blood vessels

Front 47

X-ray

Back 47

- a form of high energy electromagnetic radiation with a short wavelength capable of penetrating solids and ionizing gases

-can depict a two- dimensional image of a body region from a single angle

Front 48

Computer Tomography (CT)

Back 48

a noninvasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional x-ray in order to reveal minute details about structures in the body