A&p Chapter 1

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

The study of structure (form)

Front 2

Physiology

Back 2

The study of function

Front 3

Cytology

Back 3

Study of cells

Front 4

Histology

Back 4

Study of tissues

Front 5

Histopathology

Back 5

Microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease

Front 6

Scientific method: five steps

Back 6

1. Make an observation

2. Form a hypothesis

3. Perform experiments to prove or disprove hypothesis

4. Analyze data and record results

5. Conclusions - formation of theory or law.

Front 7

Situ inversus

Back 7

Reversal in position of the major thoracic and abdominal organs right and left. Occurs in about 1 in 8000 people.

Front 8

Organizational structure of life, in order (8 levels)

Back 8

Atoms --> molecules --> organelles --> cells --> tissues --> organs --> organ systems --> organism

Front 9

Atom

Back 9

Part of the chemical level. The tiny building blocks of matter.

Front 10

Molecules

Back 10

Part of the chemical level. Combinations of atoms.

Front 11

Organelles

Back 11

Part of the chemical level. The internal organs of the cell.

Front 12

Cell

Back 12

Part of the cellular level. Smallest units of living things.

Front 13

Tissue

Back 13

Part of the tissue level. Consist of similar types of cells.

Front 14

Organ

Back 14

Part of the organ level. Discrete structure composed of at least 2 tissue types.

Front 15

Organ system

Back 15

Part of the organ system level. Organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose.

Front 16

Organism

Back 16

Part of the organismal level. The living being.

Front 17

Characteristics of life (8)

Back 17

1. Maintaining boundaries (membranes/skin that protects living things from invasion of foreign substances from outside.

2. Movement (can be from place to place or internally)

3. Responsiveness (the ability of an orgamism to sense and react to stimuli)

4. Digestion (being able to break down food products that are ingested)

5. Metabolism (sum total of all chemical reactions in an organism. Includes anabolism - complex molecules formed from simpler ones; and catabolism - complex molecules are broken into simpler ones)

6. Excretion (the removal of wastes from the tissues and their elimination from the body)

7. Reproduction (all living organisms can produce copies of themselves and pass genetic information and traits to their offspring)

8. Growth (an increase in size)

Front 18

Parts of a homeostatic mechanism (3)

Back 18

1. Receptor (structure that senses change in the body)

2. Integrating (control) center (mechanism that processes info and initiates the response)

3. Effector (structure that carries out the response that restores homeostasis. The response is then senses by the the receptor and the feedback loop is complete.

Front 19

Negative feedback loop

Back 19

A process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms to reverse it.

E.g. the control of blood sugar: blood sugar rises, receptors sense change, and the pancreas (control center) secretes insulin into the blood. This prompts the body cells to absorb more glucose, removing it from the blood. As blood sugar falls, the stimulus for insulin release ends.

Front 20

Positive feedback loop

Back 20

A self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction.

E.g. oxytocin intensifies contractions during birth, causing the release of more oxytocin, which causes more intense contractions. Continues until the baby is born, which ends the stimulus for oxytocin release and shut a off the positive feedback mechanism.

Front 21

Axial part of the body

Back 21

The main axis of the body. Includes the head, neck, and trunk.

Front 22

Appendicular part of the body

Back 22

The appendages or limbs

Front 23

The anatomical position

Back 23

Body is erect, feet are flat on the floor and close together, head and palms face the front.

Front 24

Body sectional planes (3)

Back 24

1. Medial or sagittal plane (passes vertically through the body or organ and divides it into right and left portions)

2. Frontal plane (extends vertically, separating into anterior and posterior sections)

3. Transverse plane (A section that divides the body into superior and inferior parts)

Front 25

Homeostasis

Back 25

Ability of the body to maintain stable conditions. Homeostatic imbalance is a disturbance in homeostasis.

Front 26

Auscultation

Back 26

Listening to the natural sounds made by the body (heart and lungs)

Front 27

Palpitation

Back 27

Feeling structure with the fingertips (taking a pulse, feeling swollen glands)

Front 28

Percussion

Back 28

Tapping on the body and listening to the sound for signs of abnormalities such as pockets of fluid or air.

Front 29

Dorsal body cavity

Back 29

Protects the nervous system. Includes the cranial cavity (The skull), which protects the brain; and the vertebral or spinal cavity (runs within the vertebral column, enclosing the spinal cord)

Front 30

Ventral body cavity

Back 30

Contains the viscera or visceral organs. Includes the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.

Front 31

Thoracic cavity

Back 31

Superior subdivision of the ventral body cavity, surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest. Further subdivided into the lateral pleural cavities, each containing a lung; and the medial mediastinum (Which contains the pericardial cavity - containing the heart, and the remaining thoracic organs including the esophagus, trachea, etc)

Front 32

Abdominopelvic cavity

Back 32

The inferior part of the ventral body cavity, separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the diaphragm. Includes the superior abdominal cavity (stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs) and the inferior pelvic cavity (lies inside the pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum).

Front 33

Serous membranes

Back 33

Double layered membranes that have a thin layer of serous fluid (secreted by the cells of the membrane). Purpose is to reduce friction caused by organs that produce movement.

Inner layer (visceral): lines the organ

Parietal layer: lines the inner surface of the cavity the organ is contained in.

Front 34

Pericardium

Back 34

Serous membrane surrounding the heart.

Front 35

Pleurae

Back 35

Serous membrane surrounding the lungs

Front 36

Peritoneum

Back 36

Serous membrane surrounding most of the digestive organs.

Front 37

Superior (cranial)

Back 37

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

Front 38

Inferior (caudal)

Back 38

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

Front 39

Anterior (Ventral)

Back 39

Toward or at the front of the body; in front of

Front 40

Posterior (dorsal)

Back 40

Toward or at the back of the body; behind

Front 41

Medial

Back 41

Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

Front 42

Lateral

Back 42

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Front 43

Intermediate

Back 43

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Front 44

Proximal

Back 44

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Front 45

Distal

Back 45

Farther away from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Front 46

Superficial (external)

Back 46

Toward or at the body surface

Front 47

Deep (internal)

Back 47

Away from the body surface; more internal

Front 48

Survival needs (5)

Back 48

1. Nutrients

2. Oxygen

3. Water

4. Appropriate body temperature

5. Appropriate atmospheric pressure