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189 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anatomy
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Study of structure and form
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Anatome
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Dissect or cut apart; Greek origin of Anatomy
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Physiology
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Study of function
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Microscopic Anatomy
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Study of structures invisible to the unaided eye
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Cytology
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Study of cells
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Histology |
Study of tissues |
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Gross Anatomy
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Study of structures visible to the unaided eye; A.K.A. macroscopic anatomy
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Systematic Anatomy
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Study of body systems
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Regional Anatomy
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Study of all structures in a specific region of the body
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Surface Anatomy
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Study of superficial anatomic markings and the relating internal structures of the skin covering them
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Comparative Anatomy
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Study of the similarities and differences between species
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Embryology
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Study of development of an embryo from conception to birth
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Pathologic Anatomy
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Study of diseases and the resulting anatomic changes; Macro- and microscopic anatomy
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Radiographic Anatomy
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Study of structures visible through scanning procedures such as MRI, x-ray, or sonography, and their relationships
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Cardiovascular Physiology
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Examines the functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
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Neurophysiology
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Examines how nerve impulses travel throughout the nervous system
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Respiratory Physiology
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Examines how respiratory gases are transferred between the lungs and blood vessels
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Reproductive Physiology
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Examines the reproductive cycle, sex cell production and maturation, and the regulation of reproductive hormones
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Pathophysiology
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Examines the effect of disease or injury on the functioning of an organ system
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Properties common to all organisms
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Organization, metabolism, growth & development, responsiveness, regulation, and reproduction
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Organization
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Complex structure and order of an organism
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Metabolism
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The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body
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Anabolism
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Small molecules combine to form larger ones
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Catabolism
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Large molecules are broken down into smaller ones
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Growth & Development
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Increase in both size as well as the complexity of form and function
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Responsiveness
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The ability to sense and react to stimuli
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Stimuli |
Changes in the external environment
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Regulation
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The ability to adjust or direct internal bodily function in the face of environment changes
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Reproduction
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The production of new cells for growth, maintenance, and repair
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Human levels of organization
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Simplest ---> Most Complex Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, and organismal level |
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Chemical Level
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Simplest level, involves atoms and molecules
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Atoms
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Smallest units of matter that exhibit the characteristics of an element
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Molecules
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Formed when two or more atoms combine
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Macromolecules
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Complex molecules
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Organelles
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Microscopic structures found in the body; formed by macromolecules
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Cellular level
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Consists of cells
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Cells |
Smallest living structures that serve as the basic units of structure and function in organisms
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Tissue level
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Consists of tissues
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Tissues
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Groups of similar cells that perform common functions
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Four types of tissue
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Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
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Epithelial Tissue |
Covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities
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Connective Tissue
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Protects, supports, and binds structures and organs
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Muscle Tissue
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Produces movement
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Nervous Tissue
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Conducts nerve impulses for communication
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Organ Level
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Composed of organs
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Organs
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Contain two or more tissue types and perform specific, complex functions
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Organ System Level
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Contains related organs that work together to achieve a common funtion
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Organismal Level |
The organism, or living being
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Organ Systems
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Integumentary, skeletal, endocrine, cardiovascular, muscular, nervous, lymphatic, respiratory, urinary, digestive, and male & female reproductive
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Integumentary System |
Provides protection, regulates body temperature, site of cutaneous receptors and some glands, synthesizes vitamin D, and prevents water loss
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Skeletal System
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Provides support and protection, site of hemopoiesis, stores calcium and phosphorous, amd provides sites for muscle attachment |
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Hemopoiesis
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Blood cell production
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Endocrine System
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Consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones which regulate development, growth, and metabolism; maintains homeostasis of blood composition and volume, controls digestive processes, and controls reproduction
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Cardiovascular System
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Consists of the heart and blood vessels; the heart moves blood through blood vessels in order to distribute hormones, nutrients, and gases, and to pick up waste products
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Muscular System
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Produces body movement, generates heat when muscles contract
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Nervous System
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Controls muscles and some glands and responds to sensory stimuli; responsible for consciousness, intelligence, and memory
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Lymphatic System
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Transports and filters lymph and participates in an immune response when necessary
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Lymph
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Interstitial fluid transported through lymph vessels
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Respiratory System |
Responsible for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and the air in the lungs
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Urinary System
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Filters the blood to remove waste products and biologically active molecules, concentrates waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the body
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Digestive System
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Mechanically and chemically digests food materials, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products
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Male Reproductive System
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Produces male sex cells (sperm) and hormones, transfers sperm to the female
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Female Reproductive System
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Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones, receives sperm from male, site of oocyte fertilization, site of growth and development or embryo and fetus, produces and secretes breast milk
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Anatomic Position
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Standing upright with feet parallel and flat; arms at the sides of body with palms facing anteriorly; the head is level with eyes facing forward
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Section
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An actual cut or slice to expose the internal anatomy
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Plane
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Imaginary flat surface passing through the body
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Frontal/Coronal Plane
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Vertical plane that divides the structure into anterior and posterior part
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Horizontal/Transverse Plane
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Divides structure into superior and inferior parts
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Sagittal Plane
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Divides structure into left and right parts
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Midsagittal Plane
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Divides structure into even left and right halves
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Parasagittal Plane
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Divides structure into uneven left and right parts
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Oblique Plane
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Passes through structure at an angle
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Anterior/Ventral
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Toward the front
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Posterior/Dorsal
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Toward the back
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Proximal
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Closer to the point of attachment
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Distal
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Farther from the point of attachment
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Superior
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Above |
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Inferior
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Below
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Cranial/Cephalad/Cephalic
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Toward the head
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Caudal
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Toward the tail
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Rostral
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Toward the nose or mouth
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Medial
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Toward the midline of the body
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Lateral
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Away from the midline of the body
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Superficial
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External to the structure
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Deep
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Within the structure
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Axial Region
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Head, neck, trunk; forms the main axis of the upper body
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Appendicular Region
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Upper and lower limbs
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Cephalic
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Head
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Frontal/Frons
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Forehead
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Orbital/Oculus
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Eye
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Buccal/Bucca |
Cheek
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Facial/Facies |
Face
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Auricular/Auris
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Ear
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Nasal/Nasus
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Nose
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Oral/Oris
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Mouth
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Mental/Mentis
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Chin
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Occipital/Occiput |
Back of head
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Cervical/Cervicis
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Neck
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Thoracic/Thorasis
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Chest
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Axillary/Axilla
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Armpit
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Brachial/Brachium
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Arm from shoulder to elbow
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Antecubital/Antecubitus
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Anterior of elbow
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Antebrachial/Antebrachium
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Forearm
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Carpal/Carpus
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Wrist
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Manus
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Hand
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Palmar/Palma
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Palm of the hand
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Digital/Digits
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Fingers or toes
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Abdominal/Abdomen
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Stomach
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Venter
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Anterior of thorax
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Umbilical/Umbilicus
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Navel
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Pelvic
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Pelvis
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Unguinal/Inguen
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Groin
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Pubis
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Anterior of pelvis
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Femoral/Femur
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Thigh
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Coxal
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Hip
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Mammary |
Breast
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Pectoral
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Chest
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Sternal
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Sternum
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Patellar/Patella
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Kneecap
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Popliteal/Poples
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Posterior of knee
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Crural/Crus
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Leg from knee to ankle
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Sural
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Calf
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Tarsal/Tarsus
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Ankle
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Pes
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Foot
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Acromial/Acromion
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Point of the shoulder
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Deltoid
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Shoulder
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Olecranal/Olecranon
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Posterior of elbow
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Lumbar/Lumbus
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Inferior part of back
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Gluteal/Gluteus
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Buttock
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Calcaneal/Calcaneus
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Heel
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Plantar/Plantus |
Sole of foot
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Vertebral
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Spinal Column
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Sacral
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Tailbone
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Perineal
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Diamond-shaped region between the legs
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Dorsum
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Superior part of foot or the posterior part of the hand
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Radial
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Lateral part of forearm
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Ulnar
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Medial part of forearm
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Hallux
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Big toe
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Pollex
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Thumb
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Scapular
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Shoulder blade
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Sternal
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Middle of thorax
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Tibial
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Medial side of leg
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Posterior Aspect |
Contains cavities completely encased in bone and are physically and developmentally different from the ventral cavity
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Cranial Cavity/Endocranium
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Formed by the bones of the cranium; houses the brain
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Vertebral Canal
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Formed by bones of the vertebral column; houses the spinal cord
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Ventral Cavity
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Large, anterior cavity which does not encase organs in bone
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Thoracic Cavity
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Superior portion of ventral cavity; houses the mediastinum, pericardium, pericardial cavity, pleura, and pleural cavity
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Abdominopelvic Cavity |
Inferior portion of ventral cavity; contains the abdominal and pelvic cavities
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Serous Membranes
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Line the ventral cavity; form the parietal and visceral layers
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Parietal Layer
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Layer of the serous membrane that lines the internal surface of the body wall
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Visceral Layer
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Layer of the serous membrane that covers the viscera
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Viscera
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External surface of organs
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Serous Cavity
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Potential space between the parietal and visceral layers
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Serous Fluid
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Fluid secreted by the serous membrane into the serous cavity; has consistency of oil and serves as a lubricant
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Mediastinum
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The median space in the thoracic cavity; contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart
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Pericardium
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Double layered serous membrane that encloses the heart
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Parietal Pericardium
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Outermost layer of the pericardium; forms the sac around the heart
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Visceral Pericardium
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Forms the heart's external surface
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Pericardial Cavity
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Potential space between the visceral and parietal pericardium; contains serous fluid
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Pleura
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Two-layered serous membrane which encloses the lungs
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Parietal Pleura
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Outer layer of the serous membrane; lines the interior surface of the thoracic wall
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Visceral Pleura |
Covers the external surface of each lung
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Pleural Cavity
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Potential space between the parietal and visceral pleura; contains serous fluid
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Abdominal Cavity
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Superior portion of abdominopelvic cavity; contains most of the digestive system organs, kidneys, and most of the ureters
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Pelvic Cavity
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Inferior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity and is wedged between the hip bones; contains the distal part of the large intestine, the ureters not in the abdominal cavity, the urinary bladder, and the internal reproductive organs
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Peritoneum |
The two-layered serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity
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Parietal Peritoneum
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The outer layer of the peritoneum; lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity
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Visceral Peritoneum
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The inner layer of the peritoneum; covers the external surfaces of most of the abdominal and pelvic organs
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Peritoneal Cavity
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The potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum; contains serous fluid
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Abdominopelvic Regions
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Umbilical, epigastric, hypogastric, right and left hypochondriac, right and left lumbar, and the right and left iliac
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Umbilical Region
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Center of the nine regions; named for the navel at its center
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Epigastric Region
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Superior to the umbilical region
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Hypogastric Region
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Inferior to the umbilical region
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Right and Left Hypochondriac Regions
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Lateral to the epigastric region
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Right and Left Lumbar Regions
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Lateral to the umbilical region
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Right and Left Iliac Regions
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Later to the hypogastric region
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Four Quadrants
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Umbilicus as central point; right upper, left upper, right lower, and left lower regions
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Homeostasis
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The ability of an organism to maintain consistent internal environment in response to changing internal or external conditions
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Homeostatic Components
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Receptor, control center, effector
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Receptor
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Detects stimulus; typically consists of sensory neurons
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Stimulus |
Changes in variable, detected by receptors
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Control Center
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Interprets input from the receptor and initiates change through the effector; portion of the nervous system, such as the brain or spinal cord, or an endocrine organ such as, the thyroid gland
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Effector
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Brings about the change to alter the stimulus; most commonly muscles and glands
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Negative Feedback
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Controls most body processes; causes the a response in the opposite direction to the stimulus in order to maintain the variable's set point
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Set Point
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The normal level of the variable
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Positive Feedback
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Stimulus is reinforced to send it farther in the same direction until a climactic event occurs; the body then returns to homeostasis
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Homeostatic Imbalance
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Homeostatic mechanisms are not functioning normally, and the set point is lost
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Diagnosis
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Specific cause of homeostatic imbalance
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Fibular |
Lateral side of the leg |
