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73 Cards in this Set
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A scientific way of thinking about society and it's influence on human groups.
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Sociology |
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* it is an empirical discipline - conclusions are based on careful systematic observations.
* it is not social commentary * with related fields of study (also called disciplines) it is part of the social sciences. |
Sociology |
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The ability to look at what people are doing and develop an understanding of the society in which they live, thrive and die. |
The Sociological Perspective |
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The ability for oneself to see societal patterns of interaction that range from large scale institutions to small scale interactions in everyday life and the social influences that shape the patterns. *Defined by C. Wright Mills |
Social Imagination |
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the organized pattern of social relationships and social institutions that together constitute society. |
Social Structure |
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the established and organized systems of social behavior with a particular and recognized purpose. |
Social Institutions |
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Using sociological perspective, ___________ showed, for example, how social structures can affect the problems individuals experience every day. *explained this as the relationship between troubles (personal) and issues (public) |
C. Wright Mills |
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the immediate physical and social setting in which people live or in which something happens or develops. It includes the culture that the individual was educated or lives in, and the people and institutions with whom they interact.
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Social Context |
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discipline in which conclusions are based on careful and systematic observations |
Empirical |
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___________ affect large numbers of people and have their origins in the institutional arrangements and history of society |
Public Issues |
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_______ shape the context within which troubles arise. |
Issues |
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privately felt problems that spring from events or feelings in a person's life. |
Personal Troubles |
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Sociologists find it crucial to examine the most controversial - sometimes unsettling - topics. Peter Berger calls this process _____________. |
Debunking |
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looking behind the facades (or masks) of everyday life. |
Debunking |
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Explained the role of critical distance in developing a sociological imagination. Especially interested in the role of strangers in social groups. Discovered the group size effect. He found that the mere difference between two and three people spawned entirely different group dynamics.
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Simmel |
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Broad concept that includes - studying differences in opportunities available to various groups in society - the shaping of social institutions by different social factors. - the formation of group and individual identity - the process of social change
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Diversity |
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Racial and ethnic minority groups currently comprise ______ % of those living in this country. * this percentage continues to steadily increase. |
27 |
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_______ includes the study of different cultural orientations ( but is not exclusively about culture) |
Diversity |
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Patterns of _________________ and ________________ are patterned by diverse group experiences |
Social Change ; Social Structures |
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How one defines oneself. Both personal and social. To a great extent, it is bestowed by others, because we come to see ourselves as others see us.
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Identity |
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Things that affect lifestyle, such as religion, wealth or family
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Social Factors |
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refers to an alteration in the social order of a society. Social change may include changes in nature, social institutions, social behaviors, or social relations.
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Social Change |
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the organized pattern of social relationships and social institutions that together compose society.
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Social Structures |
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The social and economic systems of every society are intertwined with those of other nations...mass media, the internet, and ease of travel continue to make societies more interconnected This relates to ____________ |
Global Context |
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provide different insights to the nature of society |
Theoretical Frameworks |
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observation and reason replaced a belief in the supernatural causes of events. |
The Age of Enlightenment/Reasoning |
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Coined the label "sociology." He believed that society could be studied scientifically and facts or laws of society could be found. *positivism |
Auguste Comte |
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belief that society can be studied scientifically and facts or laws of society could be found. |
Positivism |
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felt that despite the individualism of Americans, they had little independence of mind. * "Americans had replaced the tyranny of the monarchy with the tyranny of the majority" |
Alexis de Tocqueville |
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- translated the works of Comte, traveled to America and observed patterns of cultural behavior. - wrote the first sociological methodology book about how to observe behavior as a participant |
Harriet Martineau |
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These three men emerged as key sociologists and developed the classical theories of sociology. * "Giants" of Classical Sociological Theory |
- Emile Durkheim - Karl Marx - Max Weber |
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focused on the forces that hold society together in moral cohesion. |
Emile Durkheim |
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had a strong interest in the effects of religious beliefs and rituals. |
Emile Durkheim |
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Created term "social facts" to indicate those patterns that exist external to the individual |
Emile Durkheim |
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the values, cultural norms, and social structures which transcend the individual and are capable of exercising asocial constraint. - the social basis of human behavior according to Emile Durkheim |
Social Facts |
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used the study of related social facts in completing the first scientific sociological study on the topic of suicide. |
Emile Durkheim |
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saw social class as a fundamental dimension of society that shapes social behavior |
Karl Marx |
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He believed that the economic structure of capitalism was the source of social injustice and social problems. |
Karl Marx |
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an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. |
Capitalism |
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the unkindness of a society in its dissimilarities between casts and burdens and other incidental inequalities based on the user's worldview of humanity.
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Social Injustice |
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concerned with ideas and how they shaped society |
Max Weber |
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Believed society had three dimensions - political - economic - cultural *proposed a multidimensional analysis of society |
Max Weber |
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promoted concept of verstehen in understanding the meanings we attach to symbols and behavior |
Max Weber |
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a German word meaning to 'understand in a deep way'
(he can try to put himself in the other person's shoes.)
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verstehen |
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Early sociologist in both Europe and the US conceived of society as an organism, a constantly evolving system of interrelated parts that work together to create a whole. This perspective is know as ____________________. |
The Organic Metaphor |
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the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. \
*Laissez-faire |
Social Darwinism |
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a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering.
- "hands off" approach |
Laissez-faire |
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American sociology became centered on the University of Chicago and what became known as the ____________________________. |
Chicago School of Thought |
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Unlike classical European sociologists, American sociology became focused on ___________ and reform. |
Social Action |
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Those in the Chicago School believed that if they studied and understood the sources of social problems, they could alleviate some of the consequences, which are measured in human suffering. This concept refers to __________ |
Social Action |
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Focused on Racial Divide |
W.E.B. Du Bois |
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developed housing projects for immigrants, slum dwellers, and dispossessed groups. *settlement house movement |
Jane Adams |
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only practicing sociologist to ever receive a Nobel Prize |
Jane Adams |
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First Black person awarded a Ph.D. in any field |
W.E.B. Du Bois |
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founder of NAACP and president of American Sociological Association |
W.E.B. Du Bois |
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He was committed to social justice and believed in an activist role for sociologists |
W.E.B. Du Bois |
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justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a society.
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Social Justice |
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Set up the Atlanta School (a sociological perspective) of using research to clarify and draw attention to the problems and treatment of the Black community and their "dual (or double) consciousness" |
W.E.B Du Bois |
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crusaded against lynching and for women's rights |
Ida B. Well-Barnett |
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born into slavery and, with the support of her family, became a credentialed teacher- opening schools for freed slaves and promoting education for all |
Ida B. Wells-Barnett |
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theories that focus on society as a whole - large scale |
Macrosociology |
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theories that focus on face-to-face social interaction -small scale |
Microsociology |
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emphasizes stability and integration to explain society through cultural, political, and economic factors (macro) |
Functionalism |
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- based on early influence of Durkheim. -Emphasizes consensus and order -Lack of order - or disorganization creates dysfunction - social problems -Major 20th century functionalst - T. Parsons and R. Merton (manifest and latent functions) |
Functionalism |
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believes all social behavior has manifest and latent functions |
R. Merton |
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clear or obvious to the eye or mind
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manifest |
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existing but not yet developed or manifest; hidden; concealed.
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latent |
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sees society as organized around the unequal distribution of resources and held together through power and coercion (macro) - based on early influence of Karl Marx - groups compete for social and economic resources - inequality exists because those who control disproportionate share actively defend their advantage |
Conflict Theory |
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he practice of persuading someone to do something by using force or threats.
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Coercion |
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emphasizes the role of individuals in giving meaning to social behavior, thereby creating society. (micro) (W.I. Thomas theorem - if a person defines a situation as real, then it is real in its consequences) |
Symbolic Interaction Theory |
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the analysis of women and men in society and is intended to improve women's lives. *related to Conflict Theory in focus on inequality - based on gender |
Feminist Theory |
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being able to detach from the situation at hand and view things with a critical mind. |
Critical distance |
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The study of human behavior in society |
Sociology |
