Chapt 6 & 7 Child Dev

Front 1

The information-processing approach focuses maily on the _____ that occurs between input and output

Back 1

Encoding of information

Front 2

While the store model and connectionism are both general models of information processing, the store model focuses on ____and connectionism is more concerned with ______.

Back 2

general units of cognitive functioning; mechanisms of cognitive change

Front 3

Case's Neo-Piagetian theory attributes movement from one stage to the next to increases in ____

Back 3

efficiency of working-memory usage

Front 4

Information-processing theorists view the human mind as a complex symbol-manipulating system, much like a computer. Explain this anology by detainin how information is tranformed through encoding recoding and decoding

Back 4

Encoding; taken in by the system and retained in symbolic form
Recoding; revising its symbolic structure into a more effective representation
Decoding; Interpreting its meaning by comparing and combining with other information in the system

Front 5

As Information flows through the information-processing system, it can be operated on and transformed using_______, thereby increasing the efficiency of thinking and the chances that we will retain the information for later use

Back 5

Working or short-term memory

Front 6

The______ can be envisioned as a traffic controller for working memory, directing information flow and attention

Back 6

Central executive

Front 7

T/F Long term memory has limitless capacity

Back 7

True

Front 8

according to the store model what two aspects of cognitive system increase with age?

Back 8

Basic capacity of its stores esp working memory
the extent and effectiveness of strategy use

Front 9

Memory span is a measure of ____capacity it ____ with aage

Back 9

Working Memory
Increase

Front 10

TF connectionist research shows that sudden, abrupt changes in neural networks lead to stage like changes in behavior

Back 10

False

Front 11

The connectionist model(supports/refutes)assumptions of the core knowledge perspective, which claims that infants begin with innate special purpose knowledge systems

Back 11

Refutes

Front 12

Sieglers model of ______ applies an evolutionary perspective to childrens cognitive deverlopement

Back 12

strategy choice

Front 13

when faced with challenging problems, children generate a variety of strategies, resulting in overlapping waves of strategy use while they solve problems.

Back 13

Variation

Front 14

While trying strategies children observe which works best which works well and which are ineffective gradually they select strategies and correct solutions become more strongly associated with problems

Back 14

Selection

Front 15

As toddlers become increasingly capable of goal directed behavior, their attentionto novelty (increases/decrease) and sustained attention (improves/declines)

Back 15

decreases
improves

Front 16

List three factors responsible for developmental gains in selective attention

Back 16

Rapid growth of the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex
the capacity to generate increasingly complex play goals
adult scaffolding of attention

Front 17

TF selective adaptive attention begins to develp in middle childhood

Back 17

True

Front 18

____supports information processing by blocking out distractions and freeing up space in working memory

Back 18

Inhibition

Front 19

Researchers believe that maturation of the _____ lobes refions of the cerebral cortex is largely resposible for gains in cognitive inhibition

Back 19

Frontal

Front 20

List Three core abilities that make up cognitive control

Back 20

Inhibition
Effortfully holding and opering on information in working memory
Flexibly adjusting attention to changes in task requirements

Front 21

Modeling of private speech, external aids to memory rule switching games and make believe play are componets of the _____ curriculum. Studies (have/have not) demonstratetd that this curriculum improves preschoolers cognitve control

Back 21

Tools of the Mind
Have

Front 22

List three characteristic typical of children with ADHD

Back 22

Inattention
impulsivity
excessive motor activity

Front 23

TF children with ADHD usually havae average or above average intelligence test scores

Back 23

False

Front 24

Deficient______ processing underlies ADHD symptoms

Back 24

executive

Front 25

TF ADHD is a lifelong disorder elaborate on your response

Back 25

True
Affected individuals are at risk persistant antisocial behavior, depression, alcohol and drug abuse and other problems

Front 26

Often young children are not skilled at rehersal and organization because of limited space in ___. They may use thes memory strategies inconsistently a ___ defiency or whentghey do use rehersal and organization the strategies migh not improve performance, a_______dificency

Back 26

Working
Control
Utilization

Front 27

When children reconstruct information it is often (harder/easier) for them to remember yet their recall is generally (more/less) accurate

Back 27

Easier
Less

Front 28

According to fuzzy trace theory when we first encode information we (recall/recognize/reconstruct) automatically. this creates a vague version call the ____.

Back 28

Reconstruct
Fuzzy trace theory

Front 29

With age children rely more one (verbatim memory/fuzzy, reconstructed gists)

Back 29

Fuzzy reconstructed gists

Front 30

Distinguish between sematic and episodic memory

Back 30

Seantic our vast taxonomically organized and hierarchially structured geeral knowlege system
Episodic memory from nay personally experienced and real world experiences and events.

Front 31

Cite theree benefits of using scripts as a memory stratey

Back 31

Scripts prevent long term memory from being cluttered with un important information
Scripts help cheldren and adults organize and interpret everyday experiences and predict what will happen on future similar occasions

Front 32

third benefit of using scripts

Back 32

support childrens earliest effors at planning as they reperesent action sequesnces leading to desired goals

Front 33

Two milestones are essential for development of autobirgraphical memory children must have a clear ____ so they know that events happen to them. children must also be able to ___their experiences into a meaningful narrative

Back 33

Self Image
Integrate

Front 34

Infantile amnesia applies to most memories before age__

Back 34

3

Front 35

TF Special interviewing methods involving the use of anatomically correct dolls have benn successful in prompting more accurate recalll of sexual abuse experiences, particulary among preschoolers

Back 35

False

Front 36

Thinking about thoughts requires a special kind of knowledge called___

Back 36

Metacognition

Front 37

____is a coherent understanding of people as mental beings. It (remains constant/changes) with experience.

Back 37

Changes

Front 38

TF Preschoolers have an understanding of written language long before they learn to read and write

Back 38

True

Front 39

When children construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences they are displaying ____ literacy.

Back 39

emergent

Front 40

____is the ability to relect on and manipulaate the sound structure of spoken language

Back 40

Phonological awareness

Front 41

Accoreding to Piaget specific phycholdogical structures or organized ways of making sense of experience called ___ change with age.

Back 41

Schemes

Front 42

_____ are imaages and concepts that the mind can manipulate. They are essential in transition from sensorimotor approach to a ___approach.

Back 42

Mental Representations
Cognitive

Front 43

(adaptation/organization) builds schemes throught interaticons with external world while (adaptation/organization) is an internal process of arranging and linking schemes.

Back 43

Adaptation
Organization

Front 44

During____ we use our current schemes to interpret the external world. in ___ we create new schemes or adjust old ones to produse a better fit with the environment.

Back 44

Assimilation
Accommodation

Front 45

Piaget used the term ___ to sum up the back and forth movement between uilibrium and disequilibrium that leads to more effecive schemes.

Back 45

Equilibration

Front 46

Explain the fdifferences among primary secondary and tertiary circular reations.

Back 46

Simple motor habits focused around the infants body
Imitations of familiar behaviors in surrounding environment
Explore, imitate, seach inseveral locations (accurate A-B searching)

Front 47

Eight to 12 month old infant gain an understanding that objects exist even when they are out of sigh a principal known as ___. However, they typically make the ___ search error. ____imitation is the ability to remember and copy the behavior of models whare are not immediately present. Mental representation makes ____ play in which children act out everyday andimaginary activities.

Back 47

Object Permanence
A not B
Deferred
Make Believe

Front 48

How does language increase the efficiency of thought

Back 48

By detaching thought form action

Front 49

According Piaget (language/sensorimotoractivity)give rise to representational thought. Piaget proposed that play allows children to practice newly acquired ___.

Back 49

Senorimotor activity
Representational schemes

Front 50

List three advances in make believe play during early child hood and give and example of each

Back 50

Play increasingly detaches from the real life conditions and assoiated with it.
Play become less self centered
Play includes more complex combinations of schemes

Front 51

Describe several context in which preschoolers give nonegocentric respones

Back 51

they adapt their speech to fit the needs of their listeners. They adjust their descriptions to allow for context

Front 52

Explain why Piaget overestimaated preschoolers animisitic thinking

Back 52

Because he asked chikdren about objects with which they have little direct experiences, such as the clouds, sun and moon.

Front 53

TF When preschoolers are given tasks that are simplified and made revelant to their everyday lives, they do better han piaget might have predicted

Back 53

True

Front 54

TF Preschoolers are not capable of forming logically organized categories, as their performance on Piagetian class inclusion tasks suggests

Back 54

False

Front 55

The ability to perform (conservation/analogical problem solving) tasks provides clear evidence of operations.

Back 55

Conservation

Front 56

Name two chareristics of thought that illustrate this ability

Back 56

Decentration
Reversibility

Front 57

Between ages 7-10 children succeed on Piagets (class inclusion problem/cpmservatopm tasks) indicating that they are more aware of classificationhierachies and can focus on (one/several) categorical relationships at onec. The ability to order items along a quantiative dimension asuch asl lenght or weith is called ____. the ability to perform this taks mentall is know as ____ .

Back 57

Class inclusion problem
Several
Seriation
Tranitive Inference.

Front 58

An adolescent engaging in hypothetico deductive reasoning begins by (hypothesizing/deduciting)aprediction, then (hypothesizing/deducing)logical inferences. The formal operational individual thentests these inferences (systematically/haphazardly)

Back 58

Hypothesizing
Deducing
Systematically

Front 59

Childrens private speech: Match beliefs about private speech to the correct theorist A Vygotsky B Piaget
Egocentric speech
self directed speech
a result of children's perspective taking deficiencies
The foundation of all higher cognitive funchtions

Back 59

B
A
B
A

Front 60

Social Origins of Cognitve Developement
According to VGT most learning occurs (above/within/below) the zone of ______. a range of tasks just difficult enought that the child needs a more skilled partner to complete them. Describe two features of social interaction tha facilitate children cognitive developement.
______ participation calls attention to both adult and child contributions to a cooperative dialogue, without specifying the precise features of communicatio n. It is a (broader/narrower) concept than scaffolding.

Back 60

Within
Intersubjectivity
Scaffolding
Guided
Broader

Front 61

Vgotsky's View of Make believe play
According to VG make believe play fosters cognitive development by teaching children to acti in accord with (external stimuli/internal ideas) . Play also teahces children to follow (their implules/social rules) Reseach (does/does not) support VYG conclusion that make believe play serves as a zone of proximal developement.
TF Unlike Piaget, VYG believed that children learn to pretent from others.

Back 61

Internal ideas
Social rules
Does
True

Front 62

Assted Discover

Back 62

Teachers guide childrens learning tailoring interventions to each childs ZPD

Front 63

Peer Collaboration

Back 63

Assisted discovery children work in groups of varying ability teaching and helping one another

Front 64

Three educational principles derived from Piagets theory

Back 64

Discovery learning
Sensitivity to childrens readiness to learn
Acceptance of individual differences

Front 65

Reciprocal Teaching:
In ______ teaching a teacher and small group of students collaborate to discuss the meaning of a text.
List four cognitive strategies used in this approach:

Back 65

Reciprocal
Questioning
Summarizing
Clafiying
predicting

Front 66

In ___ learning children work in small groups towards a common goal. This broadens Vygotskys concpt of the ____ as children work together to master cognitive skills just beyond their indiviual reach.

Back 66

Cooperative
ZDP

Front 67

MC When rollign over on his activity mat, 5 month old matthew accidentally hits one of the dangling toys with his hand. Intrigued by the resultant swinging motion. Matthew repeatedly tries to perfor the same action again . this is an example of a _____ circular reaction

Back 67

Seconday

Front 68

According to Piagets categories are _____ in early infacy but become more ____ in later infancy.
Concrete: reprentative
perceptual: concptual
Conceptual: perceptual

Back 68

Perceptual: Conceptual

Front 69

Which of the following examples shows a child engaging in sociodramitic play?
18 month old sylvia pretends to eat a toy apple
Two year old fashid makes car noises as he pushes a block across the floor.
3 year old Henry plays store with his friends

Back 69

3 year old plays store with friends

Front 70

Nine year old Javier has an extensive baseball card collection Javier spends a great deal of time sorting his cards, sometimes by team and other times by playing position or batting average. Javiers ability to sort and resort his cards into a variety of classses and subclasses demonstrates his mastery of ?
Conservation of Mass
Reversibility
Hierarchial Classification
Seration

Back 70

Hierarchial Classification

Front 71

5 year old ben often talks out loud to himself as he works on his puzzel. According to Vygotskys theory this type of speech
Is egocentric
Is a form of self Guidance
is primarily used during simple tasks

Back 71

Is a for of Self Guidance