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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fear of Crime usage in recent elections
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1)Giuliani says obama is not tough on rime
2) Thought Bin Laden was to attack again in order to help McCain, because McCain was a war hero and becomes if there was another terrorist attack this woudl justiy staying in IRAQ |
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Magna Carta
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1215- placed limits on constables and bailiffs; it places limits on the police for obtaining people
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3 Major aspects of American policing from English Tradition
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1) Limited Authority
2) Local Control 3) Fragmented Organization |
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Robert Peel's Goals (early british law)
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- prevent crime without repressive force
-maintain public order nonviolently -reduce conflict between police and public -Efficiency (absence of crime and disorder) |
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Frankpledge
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members of a tithing (group of ten famillies) pledged to be resopnsible for keeping order and brining violators of the law to court
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The Historical periods of American policing
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Colonial Era, Early Republic, POlitical Era, Professional Model Era, Community Policing Era
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Professional Model Era (1920-1970)- 6 elements
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-Keep police out of politics
- well trained - disciplined and organized -laws enforced equally - used new technology -based new merit - main task was to fight crime |
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The Community Model (1970- Present)
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The police during this time are to Fight Crime and increase emphasis on Keeping Order and Providing services to the community.
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Contemporary Police Functions
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Order Maintenance, Law Enforcement, Service
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Community Policing
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Multiple Methods and Philosophies-
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Broken Windows
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adressing quality of life issues may prevent, deter, or decrease more serious problems, including crime. (by handling little crimes, big crimes will be prevented), closely related to "zero tolerance"
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Oreinted Policing
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Success is measured in preventing new occurrences more than arrests of current perpetrators
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Community Police Methods
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Must include the Cooperation and help of local citizens
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The Changes to Law Enforcement Structure
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Decentralize, flatten, civilianize.
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Increased Diversity of Police
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community policing should refelct the community composoiton to some extent
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Practical methods include
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Shopfronts and mini-stations, foot patrols- also bicycles and horses, Neighborhood Watch Program, door-to-door visits by police, liaisons with local ethnic/racial groups.
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Municipal Agency
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city police department, MPD, NYPD, LAPD
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County Agencies
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Run by Sherrif who is elected, Is in every county, but more important in rural life. (small towns dont have municipal agencies). operate jails and courts in all places
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Special Police
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Transit, parks, school pd, colleges, ect.
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FBI
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within thed epartment of Justice, investigates all federal crimes not assigned to other federal agencies
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FBI imcreases global emphasis on
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terrorism, cyber crime, drugs, etc.
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Other Federal Agencies
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DEA, IRS, ICE, Treasury Department, POstal Inspector, National Park Services
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DEA, IRS, ICe, Treasury Department, ect.
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investigate drug trafficking, organized crime, insider trading, stock trading, weapons, tax issues, postal office. ect.
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Diversity in Policing(ethnic, racial, religious)
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enourmous improvment over white male officer domination. More diverse policing tends to be beter.
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Women
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15% of force are women
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Angela Macdougall
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S.W.A.T sniper, risky, high-visibility, male-dominate occupation, mother and wife.
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subculture
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the symbols, beliefs, values, and attitudes shared by members of a subgroup of the larger society
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Jurisdiction
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refers to the boundaries or range of legal authority
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America's Policing is Distinct b.c
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local control( no national police force), Decentralized (differnet agencies for different issues) Diversity of populations, local political control, regional differences.
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Four Key Issues in Police Sub Culture
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1)working personality
2) Police morality 3) police isolation 4) job stress |
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Working Personality
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a set of emotional and behavioral characterstics developed by members of an occupational group in response to the work situation and environmental influences
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Reactive Working personality
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happens at the scene, after crime has occured (seeing a dead guy. etc.)
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POlice MOrality
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upholding the law, protectiv society, and chasing "bad guys" helps officers lessen the dilemmas of their work
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Police Isolation
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suspcion of and isolation form the public. Police are put on this pedestal of either our best friends or our worst enemies
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Job Stress
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very stressfull sometimes ( the departed i.e. the cop psychologist)
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Chain and unity of Command
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military characte,r rans, officer commander, lieutenant, etc.
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Operational Units
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focus on special fucntions, traffic, vice, juvenille, etc.
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Line Functions
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those directly invlved in field operations, such as patrol, investigation, traffic control, ext.
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Police Performance is Assessed
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compstat program, japanese patrolling, the clearing rate
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Compstat Program
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emphasizes precint-level accountability for crime reduction' success indicated by statistics
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Japanese Patrolling
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one hour foot patrol
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The Clearance rate
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the percentage of crimes known to police that they believe they have solved through an aresst is a basic measure of police performance
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Staying Within the Law
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legitimate use of force, abuse of power, corruption
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Legitimate Force
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Police may and often MUST use force to do job, but if it is excessive, it may violate agency policy. Easier to identify in theory than practice
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Graham V. Connor
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court establishes standard of "objective reasonabless at the moment" (deadly force judged from point of view of officer on the scene)
diabetec left store, etc. |
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Tennesse v. Garner
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deadly force may not be used against an unarmed or fleeing suspet unless necessary to prevent the escape and unless the officer has probably cause to believe that the supsect poses a significant threat of death or serious injurty to the officers or others.
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Police Abuse of Power
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strains the bonds that connect the police to the community- weakens citizens trust of police
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Police Corruption- 3 major affects has on Law Enforcement
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suspects are let off, morale is damaged and supervision becomes lax, image of policemen suffers.
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Grass Eaters
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officers who accept payoffs, money offers, in order to let people go or lie etc.
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Meat Eaters
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officers who actively use their power for personal gain.
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4 mehtods used to increase the civic accountability of police are
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Internal Affairs Units, Civilian Review Boards, Standars and Accreditation, Civil liability Suits
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Internal Affiars Units
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investigate fellow officers when there are allocutions, controlling police is top priority
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Civilian Review Boards
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committe of people, not police officers, investiage deparment accused of corruption, they can only recommend removal but do not have power
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standards and accreditation
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No universal standards, require police actions meet national standards.
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CALEA, IACP, NOBLE, NSA, PERF
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Commission on accredition for law enforcement agencies; international association of chiefs of police; national organization of black law enforcement executives; national sheriffs association; police executive ressearch forum
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Civil Liability Suits
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citizens to sue public officials for violations of their ciil rights.
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Policing and New Technology
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Cops struggle to keep paces the the new technological advances employed by criminals.
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New Technology Issues
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Budgets for Dept depend on the elected offficial's decision about Policy Priorities.
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Technological Issues
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Hard for small depts to affor cutting edge equipment and computer experts;
Citizens have unrealistic expectations thanks to CSI |
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Investigative Tools
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Computers essential for crime analysis and crime mapping, geographic info systems allows for analyzing hot spots, crimem trends, and other crime paters,
Finger prints and DNA |
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Private Policing
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officially not part of law enforemnt, growing;
bounty hunters, private secrutiy contracts. ect. |
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Managing Off-Duty Officers new jobs
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epartment contract model, officer contract model, and union brokerage model
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Department Contract Model (off-duty)
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permits close contorl of off-duty work because firms must aply to the department to have officers assigned to them (paid by police dept, who get paid by private person, along with overdraft fee)
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Officer Contract Model
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allows each officer to find off-duty employment and to enter into a direct relationship with the private firm
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Union Brokerage Model
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police union or association finds off-duty employment for its members
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Transnational Crime
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multinational crime
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International vs. transnational
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sifnificant over lap with organized crime, drug crime, weapons crime, and terrorism
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Globalization
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widening and deepening economic, political, social, technological, and other ties and interconnections among multiple countires agross the globe that reslut with both positive and negative consequences, internaitonal and multinational links and effects are inescapable.
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transnational crime occurs when
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durgs are grown in one crountry, trafficked through a second, and sold through a third or fourth, money may be laundered in or through numerous countries
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POliciing Transnational Crime
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NO WORLD POLICE
- UN and other international insturments and means of challenging international and transnational crime |
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INTERPOL
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International Criminal Police Organization; facilitate law enforcement cooperation and information sharing across borders, including among countires without diplomatic relations
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Interpol Works b.c
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each country involved maintains a NAtional Central bureau staffed by national law enforc. off.
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