Chaper 1

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

(Greek: ana- apart, tome- to cut)
• Anatomy literally means ‘to cut up or open’ or to dissect something
•Anatomy is the study of structure
• Anatomists examine the structure of individual organs and the structural relationships among parts of an organisms’ body

Front 2

Physiology

Back 2

(Greek: physis- nature)
• Physiology is the study of the function of an object or organism
• Here, physiology refers to studying the function of structures in the body
• Again – because form and function are related, anatomy and physiology cannot be fully separated

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Surface Anatomy

Back 3

Surface Anatomy is the study of form and markings of the body surface, often explored through visualization or palpation (without any “cutting”).

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Gross Anatomy

Back 4

is the study of anatomical structures visible to unaided eye. Gross dissection proceeds through “cutting.”

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Levels of Organization

Back 5

Organization is hierarchical

Chemical = Atomic and Molecular
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism

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Tissues

Back 6

are groups of cells that work together to perform a similar function

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4 basic types of tissues

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Epithelium
•Connective Tissue
•Muscle
•Nerve

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Organs

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are structures composed of two or more different types of tissues (all but the simplest of organs have all 4 tissue types.)
•Organs have specific functions
and recognizable shapes.
•Example: The skin contains
Epithelium, Connective Tissues,
Nerves, and Muscle.

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Eleven Organ Systems

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Integumentary – skin, hair; protection Skeletal – bones; support, protection, movement Muscular – muscle tissue; movement Digestive – GI tract; digestion and absorption Nervous – nervous tissue; movement, memory, thought Endocrine – glands; hormone secretion, regulation Cardiovascular – heart, vessels; distribution system Lymphatic – ducts; transmits lymph, immune functions Respiratory – lungs; gas exchange Urinary – kidneys, bladder; filters, elimination Reproductive System – male/female; reproduction

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Anatomical Position

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In the anatomical position, the body faces forward, feet flat and floor directed forward, and the arms at their sides, palms forward.
All anatomical descriptions are in reference to this position no matter the physical position of the person’s body.

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Lateral

Back 11

To the side

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Medial

Back 12

Toward the middle

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Superior / Inferior

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Superior toward head (top) Inferior (mid section) going down

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Cranila / Caudal

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Cranial toward head and caudal toward rear

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Anterior (Ventral)

Back 15

front

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Posterior (Dorsal)

Back 16

back

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Proximal

Back 17

(nearest to origination)

Front 18

Distal

Back 18

(farthest from origination)

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Ipsilateral

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(same side of body)

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Contralateral

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(opposite side of body)

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Superficial

Back 21

(toward the surface)

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Deep

Back 22

(toward the core of the body)

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Visceral

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(pertaining to a covering over an organ)

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Parietal

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(pertaining to a covering against a body cavity wall)

Front 25

Body Planes

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are imaginary flat surfaces that separate the body or body part into portions. There are three major planes at right angles to one another:
•Sagittal (midline)
•Transverse (horizontal)
•Frontal (coronal)

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Sagittal planes

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divide the body into right and left sides.

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midsagittal plane,

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There is only one midsagittal plane, and it divides the body into two equal, mirror-image halves: bilateral symmetry

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parasagittal planes

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There are an infinite number of parasagittal planes to the right and left of the midsagittal that divide the
body into unequal parts.

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Frontal or coronal planes

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divide the body (or an organ) into anterior(front) and posterior (back) portions.

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Transverse planes

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(also called cross-sectional or horizontal planes divide the body into superior (upper and inferior (lower) portions.

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oblique plane

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In addition to the major planes, the body can also be divided by an oblique plane at any angle

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•Cranial cavity

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is formed by the cranial bones.
•Protects the brain

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Vertebral canal

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is formed by bones of vertebral column.
•Contains the spinal cord

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Meninges

Back 34

Layers of protective tissue
that line the cranial cavity
and vertebral canal

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Thoracic cavity

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formed by the sternum, ribs, and the vertebral column.
•Also called chest cavity
•Stabilized by the internal
and external muscles of
the chest

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Subdivisions of the thoracic cavity:

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Mediastinal cavity: Located in the central part of the thoracic cavity
•Left and Right Pleural cavities: Two fluid-filled spaces that surround each lung
•Pericardial cavity is itself located within the middle part of the mediastinal cavity in the thoracic cavity: Fluid-filled space that surrounds the heart

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Abdominopelvic Cavity

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extends from the diaphragm to the groin and is encircled by the abdominal wall and bones and muscles of the pelvis.
•Divided into two portions:
•Abdominal cavity
•Pelvic cavity

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diaphragm

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The diaphragm is a powerful skeletal muscle that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.

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Serous membranes

Back 39

(are slippery)
•Line thoracic and abdominal cavities
•thin, slippery, double-layered
•adhere to the outer surface of the organs or “viscera”, and then double-back on themselves to line the body cavity wall.
•Visceral layer covers the organs within the cavities
•Parietal layer lines the cavity walls

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Abdominopelvic Quadrants & Regions

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Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
•liver
•Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
•spleen and left kidney
•Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
• appendix
•Left lower quadrants (LLQ)
•left ovary (females only)