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120 Cards in this Set
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Anatomy |
The study of the structure of the human body. |
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Physiology |
The study of body function |
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Gross Anatomy |
The study of a broad body structure that can be examined with the naked eye. |
Bones lungs muscles |
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Dissection |
Connective tissue removed from body org so they can be seen more clearly |
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Regional Anatomy |
All structures in a single body region |
Studied as a group |
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Systemic Anatomy |
Organs with related functions are studied together |
Muscles= muscle system |
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Surface Anatomy |
The study of shapes and markings “landmarks” on the surface of the body that reveal underlying organs |
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Microscopic Anatomy histology |
Study of structures that are so small that can only be seen with a microscope |
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Developmental Anatomy |
Traces the structural changes that occur in the body throughout the lifespan and effects of aging |
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Embryology |
Study of how body structures form and develop before birth |
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Pathological Anatomy |
Structural changes in cells tissues and organs caused by disease |
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Pathology |
Study of disease |
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Radiographic Anatomy |
Study of internal body structure by means of X-ray and other techniques |
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Functional Morphology |
Explores The functional properties of body structures and accesses the efficiency of their design |
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Chemical Level |
Atoms* combine to form molecules. Molecules combine to make macromolecules. |
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Cellular level |
The cells and their subunits Cellular Organelles |
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Tissue Level |
Group of cells that work together to perform a common function Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous |
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Organ Level |
Discrete structure made up of multiple tissue types. |
Blood vessels liver brain femur |
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Organ System |
Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Immune, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive. |
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Integumentary System |
Forms external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D and houses cutaneous receptors, (pain, pressure) and sweat and oil glands. |
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Skeletal System |
Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework that muscles used to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals |
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Muscular System |
Allows manipulation of the environment locomotion and facial expression. Maintains posture and produces heat |
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Nervous System |
As the fast acting control system of the body it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands |
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Endocrine System |
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth reproduction and nutrient use by body cells |
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Cardiovascular System |
Blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen carbon dioxide, nutrients wastes etc. The heart pumps blood |
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Lymphatic System |
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic system. House is white blood cells involved in community. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body |
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Respiratory System |
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of air sacs in the lungs |
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Digestive System |
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible food stuffs are eliminated as feces |
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Urinary System |
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water and electrolyte and acid-based balance of the blood. |
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Reproductive System |
Main function to produce offspring. |
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Organ System |
Organs that work closely together to accomplish a common purpose |
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Organismal Level |
Highest level of organization. |
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Metric Syrem |
Method of measurement |
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Meter (m) |
Important unit of measurement. |
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Micrometer |
Back (Definition) |
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Measures of volume and weight |
Liter larger than a quart Milliliter 1000th of liter Kilogram about 2.2 lbs Gram 1000 of a kilo |
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Microscopic Anatomy Gross Anatomy |
Branches of anatomy |
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Distal |
Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |
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Ipsilateral |
On the same side |
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Contralateral |
On opposite sides |
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Anterior(Ventral) |
Toward or at the front of the body |
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Posterior |
Toward the back of the body |
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Superficial |
Toward or at body surface |
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Deep |
Away from the body surface. |
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Sagittal Plane |
Extends vertically divides body to left and right parts |
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Median/ midsagittal plane |
Sagittal plane exactly at midline |
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Parasagittal |
Sagittal planes offset from the midline. |
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Anatomical Position |
Flat feet toes forward. Standard position common visual reference point |
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Frontal (coronal) Plane |
Extends vertically and divides the body to anterior and posterior parts |
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Transverse Plane |
Runs horizontally from right to left dividing body to superior and inferior. Aka cross section. |
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Oblique Sections |
Cuts in any plane diagonally |
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Regional Terms |
Names of specific body areas. Axial and Appendicular Region |
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Axial Region |
Front facing main axis of body Head neck and trunk. Trunk= Thorax abdomen Pelvis Perineum |
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Appendicular Region |
The limbs appendages or extremities |
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Superior |
Toward the head |
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Inferior |
Away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure |
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Medial |
Toward or at the midline of body; on the inner side of |
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Lateral |
Away from midline; on the other side of |
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Proximal |
Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |
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Branches of Anatomy |
Microscopic Anatomy Gross Anatomy |
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Distal |
Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |
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Ipsilateral |
On the same side |
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Contralateral |
On opposite sides |
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Anterior(Ventral) |
Toward or at the front of the body |
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Posterior |
Toward the back of the body |
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Superficial |
Toward or at body surface |
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Deep |
Away from the body surface. |
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Sagittal Plane |
Extends vertically divides body to left and right parts |
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Median/ midsagittal plane |
Sagittal plane exactly at midline |
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Parasagittal |
Sagittal planes offset from the midline. |
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Anatomical Position |
Flat feet toes forward. Standard position |
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Frontal (coronal) Plane |
Extends vertically and divides the body to anterior and posterior parts |
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Transverse Plane |
Runs horizontally from right to left dividing body to superior and inferior. Aka cross section. |
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Oblique Sections |
Cuts in any plane diagonally |
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Regional Terms |
Names of specific body areas. Axial and Appendicular Region |
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Axial Region |
Front facing main axis of body Head neck and trunk. Trunk= Thorax abdomen Pelvis Perineum |
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Appendicular Region |
The limbs appendages or extremities |
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Superior |
Toward the head |
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Inferior |
Away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure |
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Medial |
Toward or at the midline of body; on the inner side of |
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Lateral |
Away from midline; on the other side of |
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Proximal |
Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |
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Trunk Region |
Thorax Abdomen Pelvis Perineum |
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Abdominal Quadrants |
RUQ LUQ RLQ LLQ |
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Umbilical Region |
Centermost region on abd |
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Epigastric Region |
Superior to umbilical region (Above) |
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Hypogastric (Pubic) Region |
Inferior to umbilical region (Below) |
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Right & Left iliac or inguinal regions |
Lateral to hypogastric region Lateral to lower region |
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Right & Left lumbar regions |
Lateral to umbilical region |
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Right & Left hypochondriac Regions |
Flank epigastric region laterally Upper sides |
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Dorsal Body Cavity |
= Cranial Cavity Vertebral Cavity Protects nervous system |
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Cranial cavity |
Lies in the skull and encases the brain |
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Vertebral Cavity |
Runs within the vertebral column and encases the spinal cord |
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Ventral body cavity |
Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity |
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Thoracic Cavity |
Houses heart and lungs Separated from rest of ventral cavities by diaphragm |
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Abdominopelvic Cavity |
Abdominal cavity = stomach intestines Pelvic Cavity= repro and bladder and rectum |
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Visceral Organs |
Internal organ of an animal |
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Thoracic Cavity subdivided into |
2 Pleural Cavities and mediastinum. |
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2 pleural cavities |
Each contains a lung which lies on either side of the heart |
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Mediastinum |
Contains all thoracic organs except the lungs Heart, aorta, thymus gland, chest portion of trachea, esophagus, lymph nodes, imp nerves. |
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Serosa (serous memebrane) |
Covers walls of body cavity and outer surface of organs. Double layered membrane. |
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Parietal Serosa |
Part of the membrane lining the cavity walls |
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Visceral serosa |
Part of the membrane covering the external surface of organs |
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Peritoneum |
Serosa lining the abdominal cavity and covering its organs |
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Pleura |
The Serosa lining of the lungs |
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Pericardium |
The Serosa lining in the heart |
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Oral Cavity |
The mouth |
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Oral Cavity |
The mouth |
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Nasal Cavity |
Located within and posterior to the nose |
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Orbital Cavity |
Houses the eyes and present them in an anterior position |
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Middle ear Cavity |
Contains bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations |
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Synovial Cavity |
Joint Cavities |
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Microscopy |
Examining small structures through a microscope |
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Artifacts |
Minor distortions of preserved tissues; not exactly like living tissues and organs. |
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Light Microscopy (LM) |
Illuminates tissue with a beam of light. Lower mag 2x |
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Light Microscopy (LM) |
Illuminates tissue with a beam of light. Lower mag 2d |
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Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) |
Uses beans if electrons. Higher mag 2d |
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Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) |
Heavy metal salt stain. Deflects electrons in the beam to different extents 3D |
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Pericardial cavity |
In Mediastinum contains the heart. |
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Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscle Tissue Nervous Tissue |
Four types of tissue |
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