Chap 7 Exam 3

Front 1

Endoskeleton

Back 1

Internal mammalian skeleton consisting of hard supporting elements embedded in soft tissue. Bones originate from embryonic mesoderm.

Front 2

Functions of skeleton

Back 2

Support the body and protect the internal organs, Movement, Flexibility, Breathing, Blood formation, Salt storage, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, detoxify.

Front 3

Supportive CT

Back 3

Osseous tissue = calcified bone (spongy or compact). Cartilage= mostly hyaline with fibrocartilage found in joints and tendon insertions.

Front 4

Fluid CT

Back 4

Blood (hemopoietic tissue).

Front 5

Fibrous CT

Back 5

DRCT= ligaments & tendons.
DICT = periosteum and perichondrium.
Reticular tissue = bone marrow.
Adipose = in bone marrow cavities.

Front 6

Nervous Tissue

Back 6

Innervated by neuron fibers.

Front 7

Sesamoid Bones

Back 7

Found within some tendons like knuckles and patella.

Front 8

Wormian Bones

Back 8

Formed in sutures when sutures fuse to close skull bones.

Front 9

Joints

Back 9

Connected by ligaments= attach bone to bone.

Front 10

Tendons

Back 10

Attach muscle to bone.

Front 11

Articulations

Back 11

Where two bones meet and interact.

Front 12

Flat Bones

Back 12

Flat plate-like bones. Sternum, canial bones, ribs broad and flat for muscle attachement.

Front 13

Short Bone

Back 13

Length=width. Phalanges, carpals, tarsals; limited motion, glide together.

Front 14

Irregular bones

Back 14

Odd shapes. Vertebrate, facial bones, some skull bones.

Front 15

Long bones

Back 15

Bones of arms and legs. Femur, tibia, humerus, ulna, fibula, radius.

Front 16

Diaphysis

Back 16

The main middle shaft, compact bone with a hollow cavity, provides leverage.

Front 17

Epiphysis

Back 17

The ends of the long bone, cancellous bone, thickened to strengthen joint. Provides surface attachment area for tendons and ligaments. Hyaline cartilage covers the epiphysis at articulating end.

Front 18

Metaphysis

Back 18

Narrow region between the epiphysis and diaphysis where growth (elongation) occurs through maturity, cancellous bone. Epiphyseal lines: after growth center disappears, marks original location of plate.

Front 19

Medullary cavity

Back 19

The hollow cavity within the diaphysis. Endosteum: reticular CT lining of the medullary cavity. Bone Marrow: filled with CT= yellow (fat storage) and red (blood cell formation).

Front 20

Periosteum

Back 20

Tough outer sheath consisting of two parts:Outermost layer of collagen + Inner sheath layer of bone forming cells (osteoblasts).
Sharpey's Fibers=penetrate matrix.

Front 21

Epiphyseal plate

Back 21

Hyaline cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis. Apparent in children, absent in adults, appears as the apiphyseal line.

Front 22

Nutrient foramina

Back 22

Tiny holes into bone surface for blood vessels to enter / exit.

Front 23

Anatomy of Flat bone

Back 23

Flat bones have a middle layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two layers of hard bone. The spongy layer is called the diploe= Provides mechanical support= blow to outer layer buffered by middle layer to protect organs located under bone.

Front 24

Osteogenic cells

Back 24

In endosteum, inner layer of periosteum, and in Haversian canals. Arise from embryonic fibroblasts and multiply continuously. Some fibroblasts differentiate into osteoblasts.

Front 25

Osteoblasts

Back 25

Bone forming (building) cells, non-mitotic (come from osteogenic cells). Secrete matrix (collagen, GAG, etc) and help mineralize bone. Calcium phosphate in tissue fluids crystallizes around the collagen forming hard matrix. Line up in rows in endosteum and inner layer of periosteum. Trapped osteoblasts are then called osteocytes.

Front 26

Osteocytes

Back 26

Functioning bone cells, former osteoblasts trapped in matrix they deposited. Function to detect mechanical stress on bone and send information to the surface. Live in tiny cavities called lacunae connected to other lacunae by canaliculi (tiny channels).

Front 27

Osteoclasts

Back 27

Bone dissolving cells, from stem cells, secrete enzymes and acid. Able to dissolve salts and bone matrix releasing minerals into blood. Reside in Howship lacunae (reabsorption pits they have etched into bone surface).

Front 28

Bone Matrix

Back 28

1/3 organic and 2/3 inorganic. Organic: Collagen, GAG, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins. Inorganic: 85% hydroxyapatite (crystallized CaPO4 salt) + 10% CaCO3 + lesser salts.

Front 29

Compact (hard) bone

Back 29

Very dense and hard, found primarily near the surface of bone. Cylinder of dense white osseous tissue enclosing medullary space (contains marrow). Osteocytes (bone cells) live in lacunae arranged in concentric circles called lamellae = layers of matrix arranged around central canals called the Haversian canals= allow for passage of blood vessels & nerves to nourish tissue.