Chap 11 Early Development Of The Nervous System

Front 1

Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)

Back 1

A neurotrophin that attracts the growing axons of the sympathetic nervous system and promotes their survival

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Neural Crest

Back 2

The structure that is formed by cells breaking off from the neural groove during the formation of the neural tube and develops into the PNS.

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Autism

Back 3

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a reduced ability to interpret the emotions and intentions of others, a reduced capacity for social interaction and communication and a preoccupation with a single subject or activity.

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Fasciculation

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The tendency of developing axons to grow along the paths established y preceding axons.

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Permissive experiences

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Particular experiences that are necessary for a particular genetic program to be manifested.

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Williams Syndrome

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A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by severe mental retardation, accompanied by preserved language and social skills.

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Mesoderm layer

Back 7

The middle layer of the 3 cell layers in the developing embryo.

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Cell-adhesion molecules (CAMS)

Back 8

Molecules on the surface of cells that have the ability to recognize specific molecules on the surface of other cells and to bind them.

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Critical period

Back 9

A period during development in which a particular experience must occur for it to influence the course of subsequent development.

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Radial glial cells

Back 10

Glial cells that exist in the neural tube only during a period of neural migration, and that form a network along which radial migration occurs.

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Inside-out pattern

Back 11

The pattern of cortical development by which orderly waves of tangential migrations progress systematically from deeper to more superficial layers.

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ventricular zone

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The region adjacent to the ventricle in the developing neural tube; the zone where neural proliferation occurs.

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Perseveration

Back 13

the tendency to continue making a formerly correct response that is currently incorrect.

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Pioneer growth cones

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The first growth cones to travel along a particular route in the developing nervous system.

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Superior temporal gyrus

Back 15

The large gyrus of the temporal lobe adjacent to the lateral fissure; the location of the auditory cortex.

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Neural plate

Back 16

A small patch of ectodermal tissue on the dorsal surface of the vertebrate embryo, from which the neural groove, the neural tube and ultimately the mature nervous system develop.

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Multipotent

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Capable of developing into a limited number of types of mature body cells.

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Neural proliferation

Back 18

the rapid increase in the number of neurons that follow s the formation of the neural tube.

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Glia-Mediated migration

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One of the two major modes of neural migration during development, by which immature neurons move out from the central canal along radial glial cells.

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Tangential migration

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Movement of cells in the developing tube neural tube in a direction parallel to the tubes walls.

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Migration

Back 21

The movement of cells from their site of creation in the ventricular zone of the neural tube to their ultimate location in the mature nervous system.

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Optic tectum

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The main destination of retinal ganglion cells in lower vertebrates.

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Orbitofrontal Cortex

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The cortex of the inferior frontal lobes, adjacent to the orbits, which receives olfactory input from the thalamus.

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Aggregation

Back 24

The alignment of cells within different areas of the embryo during development to form various structures.

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Somal translocation

Back 25

One of two major modes of neural migration in which an extension grows out from the underdeveloped neuron and draws the cell body up into it.

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Topographic Gradient Hypothesis

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The hypothesis that axonal growth is guided by the relative position of the cell bodies on intersecting gradients, rather than by point-to-point coding of neural connections

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Neurogenesis

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The growth of new neurons

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Growth Cone

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Amoeba-like structure at the tip of each growing axon or dendrite that guides growth to the appropriate target.

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Chemoaffinity hypothesis

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The hypothesis that growing axons are attracted to the correct targets by different chemicals released by the target sites.

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Instructive experiences

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Particular experiences that influence the direction of a genetic program of development.

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Neurotrophins

Back 31

Chemicals that are supplied to developing neurons by their targets and promote their survival.

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Synaptogenesis

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The formation of new synapses.

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Necrosis

Back 33

Passive cell death characterized by inflammation.

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Sensitive Period

Back 34

The period during the development of a particular trait, usually early in life, when a particular experience is likely to change the course of that development.

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Totipotent

Back 35

Capable of developing into any type of mature body cell.

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Neural tube

Back 36

The tube that is formed in the vertebrate embryo when the edges of the neural groove fuse and this develops into the CNS.

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Stem cells

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Developing cells that have the capacity for self-renewal and the potential to develop into various types of mature cells.

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Retinal ganglion cells

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Retinal neurons whose axons leave the eyeball and form the optic nerve.

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Radial migration

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Movement of cells in the developing neural tube from the ventricular zone in a straight line outwards towards the tube's outer wall.

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Apoptosis

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cell death that is actively induced y genetic programs; programmed cell death.

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Savants

Back 41

Intellectually handicapped indiviuals who nevertheless display amazing and specific cognitive or artistic abilities; savant abilities are sometimes associated with autism.