1-12 Structure Of The Vertebrate Nervous System (Part 2)

Front 1

Objective

Identify the components and functions of the three major divisions of the brain.

Back 1

See study guide.

Front 2

Objective

Identify the functions of the cranial nerves

Back 2

See study guide.

Front 3

Objective

Identify the functions of the cerebrospinal fluid.

Back 3

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cushions the brain against mechanical shock when the head moves. It also provides buoyancy; just as a person weights less in water than on land, CSF helps support the weight of the brain. It also provides a reservoir of hormones and nutrition for the brain and spinal cord.

Front 4

hindbrain

Back 4

Posterior part of brain; consists of the medulla, pons, cerebellum

Front 5

brainstem

Back 5

Medulla, pons, midbrain, and central structures of the forebrain

Front 6

medulla

Back 6

Located above the spinal cord and regarded as an enlarged, elaborated
extension of the spinal cord; controls breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing

Front 7

cranial nerves

Back 7

Nerves that control sensations from the head, muscle movements in the head, and much of the parasympathetic output to the organs. Includes both sensory and motor components

Front 8

pons

Back 8

Structure that lies anterior and ventral to the medulla; contains nuclei for several cranial nerves

Front 9

reticular formation

Back 9

Area located within the medulla and pons; has descending and ascending portions; the descending portion controls the motor areas of the spinal cord, whereas the ascending portion sends output to much of the cerebral cortex, increasing arousal and attention

Front 10

raphe system

Back 10

Area found within the brainstem; sends axons to the forebrain, modifying the brain’s readiness to respond to stimuli

Front 11

cerebellum

Back 11

Large hindbrain structure essential for movement, balance, coordination, attention, and processing of sensory stimuli

Front 12

midbrain

Back 12

Structure that includes the tectum, tegmentum, superior and inferior colliculi

Front 13

tectum

Back 13

Roof of the midbrain; contains the superior and inferior colliculi

Front 14

superior colliculus

Back 14

Controls eye movements

Front 15

inferior colliculus

Back 15

Processes auditory information

Front 16

tegmentum

Back 16

Part of the midbrain; includes the nuclei for the 3rd and 4th cranial nerves, parts of the reticular formation, substantia nigra, extensions of pathways between the forebrain and spinal cord or hindbrain

Front 17

substantia nigra

Back 17

Part of the midbrain; gives rise to the dopamine-containing pathway that deteriorates in Parkinson’s disease

Front 18

forebrain

Back 18

Most anterior and most prominent part of the mammalian brain; consists of 2 cerebral hemispheres; each hemisphere receives sensory info mostly from the contralateral (opposite) side of the body; consists of the cerebral cortex, limbic system, and the basal ganglia

Front 19

limbic system

Back 19

Number of structures that form a border around the brainstem; contains the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus of the cerebral cortex; these structures are important for motivations and emotions, such as eating, drinking, sexual activity, anxiety, and aggression

Front 20

thalamus

Back 20

Part of the forebrain (diencephalon); receives sensory information and sends to different portions of the cerebral cortex for processing

Front 21

hypothalamus

Back 21

Part of the forebrain (diencephalon); small area near the base of the brain ventral to the thalamus; contains a number of distinct nuclei; the hypothalamus conveys messages to the pituitary gland, altering its release of hormone; damage to any hypothalamic nuclei leads to abnormalities in motivated behaviors, such as feeding, drinking, temperature regulation, sexual behavior, fighting, and activity level

Front 22

pituitary gland

Back 22

An endocrine (hormone producing) gland attached to the base of the hypothalamus; in response to messages from the hypothalamus, the pituitary synthesizes and releases hormones into the bloodstream, which carries them to the organs

Front 23

basal ganglia

Back 23

Part of the forebrain (telencephalon); a group of subcortical structures lateral to the thalamus, which includes three major structures: the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus; the basal ganglia exchange information with different parts of the cerebral cortex; the connections are most abundant with the frontal areas of the cortex, which are responsible for planning sequences of behavior, memory and emotional expression

Front 24

nucleus basalis

Back 24

Structure that lies on the dorsal surface of the forebrain which receives input from the hypothalamus and basal ganglia and sends axons that release acetylcholine to areas of the cerebral cortex; it is a key part of the brain’s system for arousal, wakefulness, and attention

Front 25

hippocampus

Back 25

Large structure between the thalamus and cerebral cortex; critical for storing certain kinds of memory

Front 26

central canal

Back 26

A fluid-filled channel in the center of the spinal cord that contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Front 27

ventricles

Back 27

Four fluid-filled cavities within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Front 28

cerebrospinal fluid

Back 28

Clear fluid similar to blood plasma found in the central canal and ventricles; CSF is formed by groups of cells known as the choroid plexus and It flows from the lateral ventricles→3rd ventricle→4th ventricle; CSF also flows into the central canal of the spinal cord, and through an opening into the narrow spaces between the brain and the meninges

Front 29

meninges

Back 29

Membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord; CSF is reabsorbed through the subarachnoid space (space between meningial layers) into the blood vessels of the brain