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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Thinking (cognition) |
mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is organizing and attempting to understand information and communicating information to others |
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mental images |
mental representations that stand for objects or events and have a picture-like quality |
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concepts |
ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events, or activities |
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superordinate concept |
the most general form of a type of concept, such as "animal" or "fruit" |
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basic level type |
an example of a type of concept around which other similar concepts are organized, such as "dog", "cat", or "pear" |
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subordinate concept |
the most specific category of a concept, such as one's pet dog or a pear in one's hand |
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formal concepts |
concepts that are defined by specific rules or features. |
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natural concepts |
concepts people form as a result of their experiences in the real world |
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prototype |
an example of a concept that closely matches the defining characteristics of a concept |
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problem solving |
process of cognition that occurs when a goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways |
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trial and error (mechanical solution) |
problem solving method in which one possible solution after another is tried until a successful one is found |
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algorithms |
very specific, step-by-step procedures for solving certain types of problems |
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heuristic |
an educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down the possible solutions for a problem. Also known as "rule of thumb" |
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means-end analysis |
heuristic in which the difference between the starting situation and the goal is determined and then steps are taken to reduce that difference |
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artificial intelligence (AI) |
the creation of a machine that can think like a human |
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functional fixedness |
a block to problem solving that comes from thinking about objects in terms of only their typical functions |
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mental set |
the tendency for people to persist in using problem solving patterns that have worked for them in the past |
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confirmation bias |
the tendency to search for evidence that firs one's beliefs while ignoring any evidence that does not for those beliefs |
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creativity |
the process of solving problems by combing ideas of behavior in new ways |
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convergent thinking |
the type of thinking in which is seen as having only one answer, and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to that single answer, using previous knowledge and logic |
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divergent thinking |
type of thinking in which a person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point |
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intelligence |
the ability to learn from one's experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively in adapting to new situations or solving problems |
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g factor |
the ability to reason and solve problems, or general intelligence |
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s factor |
the ability to excel in certain areas, or specific intelligence |
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triarchic theory of intelligence |
Sternberg's theory that there are three kinds of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical |
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analytical intelligence |
the ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving |
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creative intelligence |
the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems |
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practical intelligence |
the ability to use information to get along in life and become successful |
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intelligence quotient (IQ) |
a number representing a measure of intelligence, resulting from the division of one's mental age by one's chronological age and then multiplying that quotient by 100 |
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reliability |
the tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again each time it is given to the same people |
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validity |
the degree to which a test actually measures what it's supposed to measure
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deviation IQ score |
a type of intelligence measure that assumes that IQ is normally distributed around a mean of 100 with a standard deviation of about 15 |
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developmentally delayed |
condition in which a person's behavioral and cognitive skills exist at an earlier developmental stage than the skills of others who are the same chronological age. A more acceptable term for mental retardation |
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gifted |
the 2 percent of the population falling on the upper end of the normal curve and typically possessing an IQ of 130 or above |
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emotional intelligence |
the awareness of an ability to manage one's own emotions as well as the ability to be self motivated, able to feel what others feel, and socially skilled |
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language |
a system combining symbols (such as words) so that an unlimited number of meaningful statements can be made for the purpose of communicating with others |
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grammar |
the system of rules governing the structure and use of a language |
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syntax |
the system of rules for combing words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences |
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morphemes |
the smallest units of meaning within a language |
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semantics |
the rules for determining the meaning of words and sentences |
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phonemes |
the basic units of sound in language |
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pragmatics |
aspects of language involving the practical ways of communicating with others, or the social "niceties" of language |
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linguistic relativity hypothesis |
the theory that thought processes and concepts are controlled by language |
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cognitive universalism |
theory that concepts are universal and influence the development of language |
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cognitive reserve |
the ability of the brain to build and maintain new neurons and the connections between them |
