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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the 4 ways emotions are experienced?
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physiologically, subjectively, cognitively, and behaviorally
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discrete vs. graded emotions?
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discrete emotions are qualitatively different from each other physiologically, subjectively, cognitively, and behaviorally. Graded are emtional experiences lie on graded dimensions
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what are the 3 perspectives on emotions?
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-Genetic-maturational: emotions are product of biological factors
-Learning: individual expression is a result of individual experience -Functionalist: emotions help us achieve goals and adapt to our environment |
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How can you measure emotions subjectively, physiologically, and behaviorally/action?
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subjectively- subject ratings
physiologically- cardiac activity, temperature, brain activity behaviorally/action- facial expressions, affect, vocal and body activity |
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How do newborns experience emotions?
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they experience distress vs. contentness
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primary vs. secondary emotions? and when do they each develop?
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primary- emerge in 1st 6 months. happy, sad, anger, fear, disgust, surprise
secondary-pride, shame, guilt, jealousy, and empathy. Begins to emerge around 18 months |
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what are the first 6 emotions to emerge?
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happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, surprise, anger in the first 6 months
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Joy in 3 month old vs. 6 month old
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3 months infants smile to external stimuli and show preferance for human face, 6 months they develop a duchenne smile
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stranger distress?
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Not universal.
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when does weariness of strangers and true fear develop?
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weariness of strangers develops around 3 months while true fear develops 7-9 months
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Social referencing? When does it emerge?
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relating facial expressions and tones of voice to emotional expressions and deciding how to deal/react. Emerges 8-12 months
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when does seperation protest peek?
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15 months
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when does anger appear in infants?
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2-3 months
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What are the 3 factors that drive emotional development??
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emotional experience, neural maturation (brain dev.), social experience (interacting with ppl)
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What are 3 cognitive skills that drive development of secondary emotions?
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Evaluation (of self and others)
Self-Awareness Theory-of-mind |
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What emotions are toddlers/preschoolers better at recognizing and labeling?
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Positive emotions
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When can children distinguish different negative emotions?
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By late pre-school/early elementary
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What is temperament? (2 definitions)
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Individual differences in how you express and show emotions
Likelihood of feeling and expressing a given emotion |
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Thomas & Chess categorized children into 3 groups based on how they responded to novel stimuli. What were they? What % fit into each category?
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slow to warm up-50%
easy-40% Difficult-10% |
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What babies in Thomas & Chess' categorization had the least favorable outcomes later in life?
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difficult because they are fussy so they evoke more negative responses and they will have difficulty in adapting to environmental demands
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Goodness of Fit?
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fearless child+gentle discipline= self control
fearful child + positive motivation=self control |
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What are the 6 dimensions of tempermant introduced by Rothbart?
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Positive affect
Irritable distress Fearful distress Activity level Attention Span Rhyhmicity |
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When is tempermant least stable? What does that mean?
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First 3 years of life which means its at risk to change early in life and less susceptible later in life
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Self regulation in young infant vs. self regulation of older infant vs. toddler?
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younger infant will turn their gaze from over-stimulating displays. 6 month olds can self-sooth by sucking fingers, toddlers can talk about their feelings.
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Socialization?
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teaching children what is socially acceptable
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What is attachment?
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Strong emotional bond that forms between infant and caregiver that is enduring over time
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When does attachment form?
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Second half of first year so 6-12 months
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What are the stages of attachment and age that goes along with each?
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Preattachment 0-2 mos
Attachment in the making 2-7mos Clean cut attachment 7-24 mos Reciprocal relationships 18-24 mos |
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What is each theory of attachment? (3)
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Psychoanalytic: form attachment for gratification of innate drives (feeding)
Learning: drive of hunger is reduced by food and secondary reinforcer is one who feeds Bowlbys ethological: infant have biological pre-disposed behaviors. Imprinting process. Infants social signaling systems like smiling plays a role in the formation of attachment |
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What theory was Harlow testing?
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learning theory
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What are 3 things Harlows research demonstrated?
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1. value of early social interactions
2. contact comfort more important than food in forming early attachments 3.attachment influences responses to threat and exploration of the novel |
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secure base?
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monkeys stay near mom at first and then use her as a secure base from which to go explore the room
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What did Ainsworth do the Strange Situation to test for?
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to assess attachment
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what are the most imporant episodes of the 8 steps of strange situation to examine?
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6-7-8. 6 is when the child is alone, 7 is when the stranger enters, 8 is when the caregiver returns
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What are the 3 categories Ainsworth created based on her work?
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Secure, resistant, avoidant
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Secure vs resistant vs avoidant
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secure: at secure base explores room, child shows some distress when parent leave, glad to see them at return.
resistant: clingy in strange situation, upset when caregiver leaves, avoids parents comfort at return avoidant: little distress to parent leaving, doesnt greet caregiver on return and aviods them, ignores stranger |
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what was the 4th cateogry of Ainsworths categories?
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disorganized/disoriented: when child shows no consistent way of coping, dazed expression, repetitive behaviors or fearful of caregiver
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What % of kids in US are securely attached?
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65%
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What are the 4 groups of parental attachment that describe how parents recall their own relationship with their parents?
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Autonomous:recall +/- of childhood
Dismissing: cant remember interactions with parents during childhood or inconsistent in remembering Preoccupied: recall confused and angry accounts of childhood Unresolved/disorganized: suffer from trauma of loss or abuse |
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How do the 4 groups of parental attachment correspond with their childrens attachment style?
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securely attached- mostly autonomous parents
aviodant attached-mostly dismissing parents resistant attached-mostly preoccupied parents disorganized-mostly unresolved parents |
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long term outcomes of children who are securely attached to their parents?
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better social skills, closer friends, well liked by others, better sharer, higher grades
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