Ch.3 Biological Psychology

Front 1

What is the definition of Neuroscience?

Back 1

Neuroscience is the interdisciplinary field studying how biological processes relate to behavioural and mental processes.

Front 2

What is Biopsychology or Biological Psychology?

Back 2

Biopsychology or Biological Psychology is the scientific study of the biology of behaviour and mental processes.

Front 3

What is a neuron and its 3 types?

Back 3

A neuron is a cell of the nervous system that is responsible for receiving and transmitting electrochemical information.

3 types: Sensory, Motor, and Inter-neurons

Front 4

What are Glial cells and their function?

Back 4

Glial cells also called "glue" or glia/neuroglia are cells that hold and support neurons by surrounding neurons, they perform cleanup tasks, insulate one neuron from another so that their neural messages are not scrambled.

They have a communication function.

Front 5

What are Dendrites and their function?

Back 5

Dendrites, also called "little trees", receive electrochemical information and transmit to cell body.

Front 6

What is the Cell Body and their function?

Back 6

The Cell Body, also called "soma", accept incoming messages; if there is enough stimulation the soma will pass the message on to the axon.

The Cell Body also contains the nucleus where proteins are manufactured; damage to this part of the neuron is fatal.

Front 7

What is an Axon and its function?

Back 7

An Axon, also called "axle", is similar to a miniature cable, it carries information away from the cell body.

Front 8

What are Nodes of Ranvier

Back 8

Nodes of Ranvier are gaps (about 1 micrometer apart) formed between myelin sheath cells along the axons which helps the conduction of nerve impules.

Front 9

Where does Action Potential occer?

Back 9

Action Potential occurs at the Nodes of Ranvier ,gaps in myelinated neurons.

Front 10

What is the Myelin Sheath and its function?

Back 10

Myelin Sheath are white, fatty coating around the axons of some neurons.

Myelin Sheath help insulate and speed neural impulses.

Since fat serves as a good insulator, the Myelin Sheaths speed the rate of transmission of an electrical impulse along the axon.

Front 11

How fast does a neural impulse travel? (Myelinated and Non-myelinated)

Back 11

A Myelinated neural impulse travels at 100m/s.

A Non-myelinated neural impulse travels at 10m/s

Front 12

A Myelinated rapid rate of conduction is called? (100m/s)

Back 12

Saltatory Conduction

Front 13

Where are Myelinated axons rate in?

Back 13

The ANS (Autonomic Nervous System)

Front 14

What is Action Potential and how does it occur?

Back 14

Action potential is the neural impulse that carries information along the axon of a neuron.

Action Potential occurs when positively charged ions move in and out through channels in the axon's membrane.

Front 15

What is the "all or none law" in Action Potential?

Back 15

The "all or none law" states that either there is or there isn't - no "partial" action potential.

Front 16

After a neuron fires, there is a brief period where it cannot fire again. What is this called?

Back 16

Refractory period

Front 17

When there is Action Potential, where does the electrical impulse travel down and what and where does it trigger?

Back 17

The electrical impulse travels down the axon triggering the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic gap.

Front 18

Describe Resting Potential.

Back 18

Resting Potential is the electrical change difference across the neuronal membrane when the neuron is not being stimulated or inhibited.

Front 19

Describe Threshold.

Back 19

Threshold is membrane potential necessary to trigger an action potential.

Front 20

What is the Absolute Refractory Period?

Back 20

Absolute Refractory Period is the time during which another action potential is impossible; which limits maximal firing rate.

Front 21

What happens at the end of the axon? What are at the tips of the ends?

Back 21

Near the end of the axon, it branches out and at the tip of each branch are terminal buttons.

Front 22

What are Neurotransmitters and their function?

Back 22

Neurotransmitters are chemicals released by neurons that affect other neurons; some excite and some inhibit.

Front 23

Where are Neurotransmitters produced from?

Back 23

Neurotransmitters are produced from materials in the blood (originally derived from foods)

Front 24

What are some things Neurotransmitters regulate, promote, and affect?

Back 24

Regulate actions of glands and muscles.

Promote sleep or stimulate mental and physical alertness.

Affect learning, memory, motivation, emotions, and psychological disorders.

Front 25

What does GABA stand for?

Back 25

Gamma AminoButyric Acid.

Front 26

Glutamine and GABA which excites and which inhibits?

Back 26

Glutamine excites while GABA inhibits.

Front 27

What is Glutamine related to?

Back 27

Glutamine is related to enhancing learning and memory; may contribute to schizophrenia and other mental disorders.

Front 28

What does GABA do?

Back 28

GABA inhibits so most anti-anxiety medications bind to GABA receptors; critical roles in learning, memory, and sleep.

Front 29

Which Neurotransmitter has a role in arousal, selective attention, REM sleep, memory, emotion, and muscle actions?

Back 29

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Front 30

Which Neurotransmitter is implicated in Alzheimer's Disease and is used in insecticides?

Back 30

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Front 31

What are the three Monoamines and why are they called Monoamines?

Back 31

1)Norepinephrine 2)Dopamine 3)Serotonin

The 3 are called Monoamines because they only contain one amino acid.

Front 32

What is the role of Norepinephrine (NE) or Noradrenaline?

Back 32

Norepinephrine (NE) or Noradrenaline has a role in brain arousal and other functions like mood, hunger, and sleep.

Front 33

What occurs when someone has low or high levels of Norepinephrine?

Back 33

Low levels of NE associated with depression.

High levels of NE associated with agitated, manic states.

Front 34

What is the role of Dopamine (DA)?

Back 34

Dopamine (DA) has a role in motor function and the addiction/ reward system.

Front 35

What occurs when someone has low or high levels of Dopamine (DA)?

Back 35

Low levels of DA is associated with Parkinson's Disease.

High levels of DA is associated with Schizophrenia.

Front 36

What is the role of Serotonin?

Back 36

The role of Serotonin are mood and temperature regulation, aggression, and sleep cycles.

Front 37

What occurs if someone has low levels of Serotonin?

Back 37

Low levels of Serotonin is associated with depression.

Front 38

When and who discovered Endorphins?

Back 38

Endorphins were discovered in the early 70s by Pert and Snyder.

Front 39

What is an Endorphin?

Back 39

An Endorphin is a neuropeptide.

Front 40

What are the effects of Endorphins and its role?

Back 40

Endorphins produce effects similar to those of opioid-based drugs such as morphine, codeine, and heroine.

Endorphins have a role in pain reduction, mood, memory, and learning.

Front 41

What is the role of Anandamide and where are they produced?

Back 41

Anandamide has a role in pain reduction and increase appetite. Anandamides are produced from cells in our bodies and bind to the same receptors as THC.

Front 42

What defines a drug as psychoactive?

Back 42

A drug that interacts with neurotransmitter systems are called psychoactive.

Front 43

What do Agonists do? Give an example.

Back 43

Agonists increase receptor site activity such as Opiates (Codeine and Morphine).

Front 44

What to Antagonists do? Give an example.

Back 44

Antagonists decrease receptor site activity such as medications for Serotonin.