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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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matter
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anything that takes up space and has mass
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element
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a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions
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compound
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a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio
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Trace elements
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those required by an organism in minute quantities
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Neutrons
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no electrical charge
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Protons
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positive charge
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Electrons
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negative; form a cloud around the nucleus
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daltons
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protons and electrons are measured by
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atomic number
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the number of protons in its nucleus
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mass number
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the sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus
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Atomic mass
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the atom’s total mass, can be approximated by the mass number
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Isotopes
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two atoms of an element that differ in number of neutrons
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Radioactive isotopes
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decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy
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Energy
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the capacity to cause change
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Potential energy
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the energy that matter has because of its location or structure
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electron shell
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electrons are around in these
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valence electrons
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outer electrons
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valence shell
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outermost electron shell
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orbital
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the three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time
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chemical bond
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attraction that causes atoms to stay close together
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covalent bond
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the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms
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molecule
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consists of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
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single bond
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the sharing of one pair of valence electrons
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structural formula
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represent atoms and bonding
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molecular formula
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H2
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double bond
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the sharing of two pairs of valence electrons
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valence
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usually equals the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the atoms outermost valence shell
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Electronegativity
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an atom’s attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond
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nonpolar covalent bond
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the atoms share the electron equally
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polar covalent bond
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one atom is more electronegative, and the atoms do not share the electron equally
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ion
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A charged atom (or molecule)
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cation
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a positively charged ion
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anion
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a negatively charged ion
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ionic compounds
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compounds formed by ionic bonds
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hydrogen bond
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forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom
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chemical equilibrium
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point at which the reactions off-set one another exactly
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