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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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O2
CO2 |
Concentrations of 02 and C02 in systemic arterial blood are maintained at relatively constant levels becuase ________ moves from alveolar air into the bloodstream at the same rate it is consumed by the tissues, and because ________ _______ moves into alveolar air from the blood at the same rate it is produced in the tissues.
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Respiratory quotient
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The ratio of the amount of CO2 produced by the body to the amount of O2 consumed.
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O2
CO2 |
________ enters the alveoli and _____ _____ leaves the alveoli by bulk flow of air during ventilation.
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Deoxygenated
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___________ blood returns via systemic veins to the R. atrium of the heart.
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R. ventricle
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The blood enters the ______ _________, which pumps blood through pulmonary arteries to the lungs.
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oxygenated
L. ventricle |
The __________ blood leaves the lungs and returns to the L. atrium via pulmonary veins. Blood then moves in the _____ _________, which pumps the blood through the systemic arteries to the cells of the body.
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simple diffusion
type I endothelial cells basement membrane |
The exchange of O2 and CO2 btwn alveoli and blood occurs by _______ ________ across the respiratory membrane, which is composed of a single layer of _____ _ epithelial cells lining the alveolus, a single layer of __________ _____ lining the capillary, and the alveolar and capillary _________ _________.
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Oxygen
Carbon dioxide |
_______ is at a higher concentration in the alveoli and diffuses INTO the blood, whereas _______ _______ is at a higher concentration in the blood and diffuses INTO the alveoli.
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respiratory membrane
alveolar air blood |
The _________ ________ provides a large surface area of very thin membrane, favoring fast rates of diffusion for 02 and CO2 btwn ________ ____ and _____.
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Hypernea
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An increase in ventilation to meet an increase in the metabolic demands of the body.
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Dyspnea
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Labored or difficult breathing
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Apnea
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Temporary cessation of breathing
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Tachypnea
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Rapid, shallow breathing
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Hyperventilation
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A condition in which ventalation exceeds the metabolic demands of the body.
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Hypoventilation
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A condition in which ventilation is insufficient to meet the metabolic demands of the body.
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Hypoxemia
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A deficiency of O2 in the blood.
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Hypoxia
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A deficiency of O2 in the tissues.
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Hypercapnic
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A excess of CO2 in the blood.
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Hypocapnia
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A defiency of CO2 in the blood.
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Hemoglobin
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a protein found in the erythrocytes that has a unique structure that binds O2 and CO2 to it.
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O2
CO2 metabolic |
The job of the respiratory system is to deliver ________ and remove _______ ________ from cells at a rate sufficient to keep up with __________ demands.
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arterial partial pressure
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To maintain _________ ________ _________, the body must regulate minute alveolar ventilation such that it neither too high nor too low.
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frequency
volume |
Alveolar ventilation depends on the _________ and ________ of breaths.
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Inspiration
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Is an active process that requires contraction of the inspiratory muscles, including the diaphram and external intercostals.
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Expiration
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Is passive process during quiet breathing
Contraction of the inspiratory muscles during inspiration followed by relaxation of the same muscles during __________. |
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expiration
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During active breathing, however, _________ becomes active and requires contraction of the expiratory muscles.
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contraction
relaxation relaxation contraction |
During active breathing the respiratory cycle, _________ of the inspiratory muscle and __________ of the expiratory muscles during inspiration, followed by __________ of the inspiratory muscles and __________ of the expiratory muscles during expiration.
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neural input
somatic |
Because the muscles of respiration are skeletal muscles, they are stimulated to contract by ______ ______ from ________ motor neurons.
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phrenic nerve
intercostal nerves |
The ________ ______ innervates the diaphram, whereas the internal and external ___________ _______ innervate the intercostal muscles.
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active
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During ______ breathing, action potential bursts in inspiratory motor neurons occur asynchronously with bursts in expiratory motor neurons.
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quiet
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During _______ breathing, action potential bursts in inspiratory motor neurons.
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neural signals
brainstem |
The ______ _______ that control the cyclical contractions of the respiratory muscles are generated in respiratory control regions located in the __________.
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medulla
pons |
The respiratory controls regions are located where in the brain.
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inspiratory neurons
expiratory neurons |
What are the 2 general classes of neurons located in the medulla and pons?
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ventral respiratory group (VRG)
dorsal respiratory group(DRG) |
What are the 2 respiratory control centers located in the medulla called?
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Ventral respiratory group
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2 regions primarily made up of expiratory neurons
One region primarily made up inspiratory neurons. |
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Dorsal respiratory group
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contains primarily inspiratory neurons, although there are some expiration neurons.
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DRG
VRG |
The ____ inspiratory neurons have more complex patterns of activity than the ____ inspiratory neurons in that their firing pattern depends on the degree of stretch of the lungs.
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VRG
DRG |
____ and ____ inspiratory neurons stimulate motor neurons of the phrenic and external intercostal nerves, which then cause contraction of the inspiratory muscles.
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pontine respiratory group (PRG)
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What is the name of the respiratory control center of the pons?
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PRG
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The ____ contains both inspiratory and expiratory neurons as well as MIXED NEURONS, which have activity associated with both inspiration and expiration.
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PRG
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The ____ may facilitate the transition btwn inspiration and expiration.
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medulla
central pattern generator |
In the ________, inspiratory neurons contol the motor neurons to the inspiratory muscles, and that these neurons generate action potentials during inspiration but not during expiration. This source of activity is called the _______ _______ __________.
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CPG
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a network of neurons that generates a regular, repeating pattern of neural activity called the respiratory rhythm.
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CPG
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In quiet breathing, the breathing rhythm is produced by the ____.
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central chemoreceptors
peripheral chemoreceptors |
The sensory input that indirectly communicates with CPG and are located in the brain and the systemic arterials are known as: (2)
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pulmonary stretch receptors
irritant receptors proprioceptors |
The _________ _______ ________ are located in the smooth muscle of pulmonary airways, ________ ________in the lining of the respiratory tract, ____________ in muscles and joints, arterial baroreceptors, and nocireceptors and thermoreceptors located throughout the body.
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pulmonary stretch receptors
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___________ _______ receptors are excited by inflation of the lungs and do not appear to play a significant role in regulating breathing in humans.
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Irritant
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________ receptors are stimulated by inhaled particulates such as smoke or dust, and by certain chemicals such as sulfur dioxide.
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acidosis
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7.35 or lower in the arterial blood is known as __________.
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alkaline
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A pH that is 7.45 or greater is known as _________.
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acidic
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If the blood becomes too _______, then it can depress the CNS and can progress into a coma or even respiratory failure.
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alkaline
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When the pH becomes too ________, the Ner. sys. becomes overly excitable, which can lead to uncontrollable muscle seizures and convulsions and even death.
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Respiratory acidosis
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an INCREASE in the acidity of the blood due to INCREASED CO2, which occurs, for example, during hypoventilation.
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Respiratory alkalosis
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a DECREASED in the acidity of the blood due to DECREASED CO2, which occurs, for example, during hyperventilation.
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