Ch.15-16

Front 1

binary fission

Back 1

prokaryotes can reproduce

– by dividing in half by binary fission

Front 2

endospores

Back 2

which are:

– thick-coated, protective cells

– produced when the prokaryote is exposed tounfavorable conditions.

Front 3

flagellate

Back 3

cell or organism with one or more whip-like organelles

Front 4

amoebas

Back 4

cell or organism which has the ability to alter its shape, primarily by extending and retracting pseudopods.

Front 5

psueodioms

Back 5

a temporary protrusion of the surface of an amoeboid cell for movement and feeding

Front 6

forams

Back 6

by streaming granular ectoplasm that among other things is used for catching food, and commonly by an external shell

Front 7

apicomplexans,

Back 7

large phylum of parasitic protists

Front 8

ciliatealgae

Back 8

protozoans characterized by the presence of hair-like organelles

Front 9

plankton

Back 9

the communities of mostly microscopicorganisms that drift or swim weakly in aquaticenvironments.

Front 10

dinoflagellate (unicellular)

Back 10

– two beating flagella and

– external plates made of cellulose

Front 11

diatom, (unicellular)

Back 11

with glassy cell walls containing silica,

Front 12

green algae

Back 12

unicellular in most freshwater lakes and ponds,– sometimes flagellated, such as Chlamydomonas,and

– sometimes colonial, forming a hollow ball offlagellated cells as seen in Volvox.

Front 13

seaweed

Back 13

– are large, multicellular marine algae,– grow on or near rocky shores,

– are only similar to plants because of convergentevolution,

– are most closely related to unicellular algae, and

– are often edible.

Front 14

What is a prokaryote, what are the three types?

Back 14

1. spherical (cocci),

2. rod-shaped (bacilli), and

3. spiral or curved

Front 15

4. What are the two main branches of Prokaryotes?

Back 15

1. bacteria and2. archaea (more closely related to eukaryotes)

Front 16

Some archae are extremophiles, what does this mean and give examples.

Back 16

– Halophiles thrive in salty environments.

– Thermophiles inhabit very hot water.

– Methanogens inhabit the bottoms of lakes and swamps and aid digestion in cattle and deer

Front 17

What is a protist?

Back 17

– eukaryotes that are not fungi, animals, or plants,

– mostly unicellular, and

– ancestral to all other eukaryotes.

Front 18

Be able to explain the theory of how eukaryotic cells evolved.

Back 18

Symbiosis is a more general association betweenorganisms of two or more species.

Endosymbiosis

– refers to one species living inside another hostspecies and

– is the process by which eukaryotes gainedmitochondria and chloroplasts.

Front 19

What are the different types of Protists (autotroph, heterotroph, etc.)?

Back 19

– Algae are autotrophs, producing their food byphotosynthesis.

--heterophs: – Some protists eat bacteria or other protists.

– Other protists are fungus-like and obtain organicmolecules by absorption.

– Parasites derive their nutrition from a living host,which is harmed by the interaction. Parasitictrypanosomes infect blood and cause sleepingsickness

Protists that live primarily by ingesting food arecalled protozoans.

Front 20

What are the types of unicellular algae?

Back 20

plankton

dinoflagellates

diatoms

green algae

Front 21

. What are the different types of seaweeds?

Back 21

1. green algae,

2. red algae, and

3. brown algae (including kelp).

Front 22

roots

Back 22

subterranean organs (plants)

Front 23

shoots

Back 23

aerial leaf-bearing organs (plants)

Front 24

mycorrhizae

Back 24

symbioticassociations of fungi and roots, in which the fungi

– absorb water and essential minerals from the soil,

– provide these materials to the plant, and

– are nourished by sugars produced by the plant

Front 25

stomata

Back 25

microscopic pores found on a leaf’ssurface, for the exchange of carbon dioxide andoxygen with the atmosphere

Front 26

vasuclar tissue

Back 26

, a system of tube-shaped cellsthat branch throughout the plant, for the transportof vital materials,

Front 27

cuticle

Back 27

a waxy layer coating the leaves and other aerialparts of most plants, for the retention of water

Front 28

xylem

Back 28

transports water and minerals from roots toleaves (2 types of tissue)

Front 29

phoem

Back 29

distributes sugars (2 types of tissue)

– from leaves to the roots and

– to other nonphotosynthetic parts of the plant.

Front 30

What are the characteristics of a plant?

Back 30

– a multicellular eukaryote and

– a photoautotroph, making organic molecules byphotosynthesis.

Front 31

What are the four major periods of plant evolution (know the type of plant, itscharacteristics and examples of each)

Back 31

Bryophytes include: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

ferns and a fewother groups of vascular plants evolved with vascular tissue hardened with lignin but without seeds.

gymnospermsevolved with seeds that consisted of an embryo packaged along with astore of food, had protective coverings, but were not enclosed in any specialized chambers.

About 140 million years ago, angiospermsevolved with complex reproductive structurescalled flowers that bear seeds within protectivechambers called ovaries.

Front 32

Compare and contrast a multicellular algae (seaweed) and a plant

Back 32

?