Ch.12-13

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Sir Walter Scott

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Cooper was born in Cheetham, Manchester and educated at Bedford Grammar School and Wyggeston Boys' School, Leicester.Cooper was elected a Senator for Queensland at the 1928 election, representing the Country Party, He was also known as the father of th senate.

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James Finemore Cooper

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.was a prolific and popular American writer of the early 19th century. He is best remembered as a novelist who wrote numerous sea-stories

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Herman Melville

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.an American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and poet. He is best known for his novel Moby-Dick and the posthumous novella Billy Budd.

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Romanticism

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.a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution.

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Transcendentalism

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.a term associated with a group of new ideas in literature and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early-to-middle 19th century. It is sometimes called American Transcendentalism to distinguish it from other uses of the word transcendental. The movement developed in the 1830s and 40s as a protest against the general state of culture and society, and in particular, the state of intellectualism at Harvard University and the doctrine of the Unitarian church taught at Harvard Divinity School

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Ralph Waldo Emerson

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.an American lecturer, essayist, and poet, best remembered for leading the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century.

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Henry Davis Thoreu

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.an American author, poet, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, philosopher, and leading transcendentalist. He is best known for his book Walden

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Margaret Fuller

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.an American journalist, critic, and women's rights advocate associated with the American transcendentalism movement. She was the first full-time American female book reviewer in journalism. Her book Woman in the Nineteenth Century is considered the first major feminist work in the United States

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Joseph Smith

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.the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, a group of churches whose adherents regard him as a prophet. During the late 1820s he became the leader of a small group of followers who believed that an angel had given him a book of golden plates containing a religious history of ancient American peoples.

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Gender Roles-Women

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.a theoretical construct in the social sciences and humanities that refers to a set of social and behavioral norms that, within a specific culture, are widely considered to be socially appropriate for individuals of a specific sex.

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Mormons

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ladder day saints, joseph smith was the founder, poligamy. settled in Utah.

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The Shakers

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redefined sexuality and gender roles in society.

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Oneidans

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.a Native American/First Nations people and are one of the five founding nations of the Iroquois Confederacy in the area of upstate New York.

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Second Great Awakening

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.a religious revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States, which expressed Arminian theology by which every person could be saved through revivals.

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Temperance Crusade

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.a social movement urging reduced use of alcoholic beverages. Temperance movements may criticize excessive alcohol use, promote complete abstinence, or pressure the government to enact anti-alcohol legislation.

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Phenology

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.the study of periodic plant and animal life cycle events and how these are influenced by seasonal and interannual variations in climate.

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Edward Jener

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.an English scientist who studied his natural surroundings in Berkeley, Gloucestershire.

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Harriet Beecher Stour

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.an American abolitionist and author. Her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin

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Seneca Falls

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.an early and influential women's rights convention held in Seneca Falls, New York, July 19–20, 1848. It was organized by local New York women upon the occasion of a visit by Boston-based Lucretia Mott, a Quaker famous for her speaking ability, a skill rarely cultivated by American women at the time.

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William Lloyd Garrison

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a prominent American abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator.

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Liberator

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The Liberator is an abolitionist Newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison in 1831. Three Quarters of the subscribers were African-Americans, The Liberator continued for three decades up to the end of the Civil War.

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Frederick Douglas

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.a United States Representative from New York. Born in Clinton, Worcester County, Massachusetts, he moved with his parents to Little Falls, New York in 1874.

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The Amistad Case

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.a United States Supreme Court case resulting from the rebellion of slaves on board the Spanish schooner Amistad in 1839.

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Sojourner Truth

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.an African-American abolitionist and women's rights activist. Truth was born into slavery in Swartekill, New York. Her best-known speech, Ain't I a Woman?, was delivered in 1851 at the Ohio Women's Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio.

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Manifest Destiny

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.the 19th century American belief that the United States was destined to expand across the North American continent, from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean. It was used by Democrats in the 1840s to justify the war with Mexico; the concept was denounced by Whigs, and fell into disuse after the mid 1850s.

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Santa Fe Trail

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.a 19th-century transportation route through central North America that connected Missouri with Santa Fe, New Mexico.

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Oregon Trail

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.a historic east-west wagon route that was the oldest of the northern commercial and emigrant trails because of its early developmental role in the highly profitable overland fur trade in the early 19th-century.

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Stephen Austin

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.led the second and ultimately successful colonization of the region by bringing 300 families from the United States.

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The Alamo

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.a pivotal event in the Texas Revolution. Following a 13-day siege, Mexican troops under President General Antonio López de Santa Anna launched an assault on the Alamo Mission near San Antonio de Béxar (modern-day San Antonio, Texas). All but two of the Texian defenders were killed.

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Sam Houston

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.a 19th-century American statesman, politician, and soldier. He was born in Timber Ridge in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, of Scots-Irish descent.

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James K. Polk

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.was born in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. He later lived in and represented the state of Tennessee. A Democrat, Polk served as Speaker of the House (1835–1839) and Governor of Tennessee (1839–1841).

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Republic of California

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.the name used for a revolt against Mexico proclaimed by California settlers on June 14, 1846, in Sonoma in the then-Mexican province of California. Declared during the Mexican–American War, the "republic" was a popular revolt; the participants never formed a government, and the "republic" was never recognized by any nation.

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Mexican American War

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.an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 in the wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas, which Mexico considered part of its territory despite the 1836 Texas Revolution.

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Treaty of Guadelupe Hildalgo

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.is the peace treaty, largely dictated by the United States to the interim government of a militarily occupied Mexico City, that ended the Mexican-American War (1846 – 48). With the defeat of its army and the fall of the capital, Mexico City, in September 1847 the Mexican government surrendered to the United States and entered into negotiations to end the war

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"Fifty Four Fourty or Fight"

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.as a result of competing British and American claims to the Pacific Northwest of North America in the first half of the 19th century.

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Bear Flag Revolution

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.June 14, 1846, thirty-three heavily-armed Americans gathered at the fortified adobe home of General Mariano Vallejo, on the north side of Sonoma's Plaza. These men -- some from the Grigsby-Ide party of settlers, some mountain men and explorers, but all displeased with Mexican rule -- pounded on the adobe door and loudly demanded the General come out and surrender the little fortress to them.

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Wilmot Proviso

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.one of the major events leading to the Civil War, would have banned slavery in any territory to be acquired from Mexico in the Mexican War or in the future, including the area later known as the Mexican Cession, but which some proponents construed to also include the disputed lands in south Texas and New Mexico east of the Rio Grande.

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Free Soil Party

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.a short-lived political party in the United States active in the 1848 and 1852 presidential elections, and in some state elections. It was a third party that largely appealed to and drew its greatest strength from New York State.

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California Gold Rush

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.began on January 24, 1848, when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill, in Coloma, California. News of the discovery brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad. Of the 300,000, approximately half arrived by sea and half came overland.

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Compromise of 1850

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.an intricate package of five bills, passed in September 1850, defusing a four-year confrontation between the slave states of the South and the free states of the North that arose following the Mexican-American War (1846–1848).

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Zachary Taylor

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.the 12th President of the United States and an American military leader. Initially uninterested in politics, Taylor nonetheless ran as a Whig in the 1848 presidential election, defeating Lewis Cass. Taylor was the last President to hold slaves while in office, and the last Whig to win a presidential election.

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John C. Calhoun

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.the seventh Vice President of the United States and a leading Southern politician from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century.

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Fugitive Slave Act

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.passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern slave holding interests and Northern Free-Soilers. This was one of the most controversial acts of the 1850 compromise and heightened Northern fears of a 'slave power conspiracy'.

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Ostend Manifesto

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.a document written in 1854 that described the rationale for the United States to purchase Cuba from Spain and implied the U.S. should declare war if Spain refused. Cuba's annexation had long been a goal of U.S. expansionists, particularly as the U.S. set its sights southward following the admission of California to the Union.

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Kansas Nebraska Act

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.created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries.

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Bleeding Kansas

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.a series of violent events, involving anti-slavery Free-Staters and pro-slavery "Border Ruffian" elements, that took place in the Kansas Territory and the western frontier towns of the U.S. state of Missouri roughly between 1854 and 1858. At the heart of the conflict was the question of whether Kansas would enter the Union as a free state or slave state.

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Missouri Compromise

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.an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories.

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Pottawatomie Massacre

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.occurred during the night of May 24 and the morning of May 25, 1856.

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Dred Scott Case

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.an African American slave in the United States who sued unsuccessfully for his freedom in the infamous Dred Scott v. Sandford case of 1857. His case was based on the fact that although he and his wife Harriet Scott were slaves, he had lived with his master Dr. John Emerson in states and territories where slavery was illegal according to both state laws and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, including Illinois and Minnesota (which was then part of the Wisconsin Territory).

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Lincoln Douglas Debates

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.a series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate for Senate in Illinois, and incumbent Senator Stephen Douglas, the Democratic Party candidate. At the time, U.S. senators were elected by state legislatures; thus Lincoln and Douglas were trying for their respective parties to win control of the Illinois legislature.

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John Browns Raid

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Wants to start a slave revolt.

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Horace Mann

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an American education reformer, and a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1827 to 1833.

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Cyceum

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.a category of educational institution defined within the education system of many countries, mainly in Europe

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Doctrine of Separate Spheres

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separate spheres of influence for the Americas and Europe, non-colonization, and non-intervention--were designed to signify a clear break between the New World and the autocratic realm of Europe.