Apush Ch. 8-12

Front 1

Battle of Bunker Hill

Back 1

battle near Boston in Am. Rev...despite colonist retreat, battle was heavy cost to British and moral victory for colonists

Front 2

Olive Branch Petition

Back 2

Jul. 1775 - Congress' call to end war with Britain, but Britain rejected

Front 3

Hessians

Back 3

German soldiers hired by George III...good in theory, but most liked America b/c of opportunity there

-forced Americans to fight harder

Front 4

Common Sense

Back 4

pamphlet by Thomas Paine that influenced colonists to want independence (republic), not foreign control

Front 5

Declaration of Independence

Back 5

formal document by Thomas Jefferson that declared American independence, explained "natural rights", listed misdeeds of George III

Front 6

Declaration on the Rights of Man

Back 6

influenced by Dec. of Ind., formal document in France naming basic "natural rights"

Front 7

Patriots

Back 7

(Whigs) American rebels that fought the crown

Front 8

Loyalists

Back 8

(Tories) supported, were loyal to the crown

Front 9

Battle of Long Island

Back 9

for the control of NY in Am. Rev., Britain captured city and kept it for majority of water as center

Front 10

Battle of Trenton

Back 10

Washington's surprise attack on Hessians, a turning point in Am. Rev. - major moral victory for colonists

Front 11

Battle of Saratoga

Back 11

British Gen. Burgoyne trapped/forced to surrender, rejuvenating colonial cause for war and opening doors for French aid (crucial in independence)

Front 12

Model Treaty

Back 12

diplomatic guide by Cont. Congress advising "only a commercial connection" over political/military ties (during French alliance in Rev.)

Front 13

Armed Neutrality

Back 13

loose alliance of neutral EU countries to protect trading rights ("passive hostility")

Front 14

Treaty of Fort Stanwix

Back 14

first treaty between US and Indians in which Indians lost much land

Front 15

privateers

Back 15

privately owned ships of arms called by Congress to attack British ships, putting stress on British trade

Front 16

Battle of Yorktown

Back 16

Ad. de Grasse (French) led navy to Yorktown while Washington led army to Yorktown...Cornwallis surrendered, leading to peace treaty

Front 17

Treaty of Paris

Back 17

1783 - British acknowledged US independence, asking for no: persecution of Loyalists, est. of laws refusing to pay Britain the Am. debts

Front 18

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

Back 18

drafted by Jefferson, stated you cannot be penalized for going/not going to a certain church

Front 19

civic virtue

Back 19

democracy depended on unselfish commitment of each citizen to common good

Front 20

Articles of Confederation

Back 20

precursor to Const., drafted by Congressional cttee., provided loose confederation of 13 states to deal with common problems

-Congress=chief governing agency
-no executive
-judiciary left to states

-allowed for stepping stone to Const. (outlining basic powers, keeping idea of union alive)

Front 21

Old Northwest

Back 21

land NW of Ohio R., E of MS R., S of Great Lakes

Front 22

Land Ordinance of 1785

Back 22

acreage of Old NW was sold and that money would help pay off national debt

Front 23

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Back 23

-land carved into "republican" states (not colonies) which would later be admitted to Union

-with forbiddance of slavery, set stage for N vs S during civil war

Front 24

Shay's Rebellion

Back 24

1786 - uprising in western MA in which backcountry farmers demanded paper money, less taxes, no more property takeovers

-rebellion crushed, but property class scared of "mobocracy" - fragile nation, civic virtue not enough (self-interest)

Front 25

Virginia Plan

Back 25

large state plan, rep. should be based on pop. in bicameral Congress

Front 26

New Jersey Plan

Back 26

small state plan, rep. should be equal in unicameral Congress

Front 27

Great Compromise

Back 27

resolved rep. issue: bicameral Congress
-House of Rep. - rep. based on pop.
-Senate - equal rep. (2)

Front 28

three-fifths compromise

Back 28

solved issue of rep. of slaves
-each slave counts as 3/5 of person, slave trade would end in 1807 (did not end slavery)

Front 29

anti-federalists

Back 29

opposed strong central gov't: states rights, small farmers

Front 30

federalists

Back 30

sought central gov't: wealthier, more educated, better organized, controlled press

Front 31

Bill of Rights

Back 31

first 10 amendments to Const. drafted by Madison (adopt. 1791) guaranteeing individual liberties

Front 32

Judiciary Act of 1789

Back 32

est. fed. legal sys.: Supreme Court, lower courts, Justices, Attorney Gen.

Front 33

tariff

Back 33

proposed by Hamilton (1789), customs duties in order to pay gov't (but low) - created revenue, reduced focus (increased taxes) on foreign goods

Front 34

excise

Back 34

proposed by Hamilton (1791), tax on domestic items (e.g. whiskey)

Front 35

Bank of the United States

Back 35

proposed by Hamilton (1791), natl. bank holding $10 mil and publicly selling stock

-Jefferson a/g it: power reserved to states (strict construction)
-Hamilton for it: necessary and proper (loose construction)

Front 36

Whiskey Rebellion

Back 36

(1794), starting in PA, backcountry farmers tarred and feathered tax collectors for excise on whiskey (used as currency and vital in economy) - Washington crushed: Jeffersonians opposed crushing

Front 37

Neutrality Proclamation

Back 37

in decision for French alliance, Washington declared that America will not engage in war b/c it is weak, spreading isolationist tradition

Front 38

Jay's Treaty

Back 38

John Jay sent to Britain, but did not negotiate well (Britain did not give up Am. posts, payed for ship seizures (no protection from future ones), demanded reparations from pre-Rev. debt

Front 39

Pinckey's Treaty

Back 39

(1795), w/ Spain (Spain scared of British-Am. treaty), granted Ams. access to Spanish Land

Front 40

XYZ Affair

Back 40

Am. envoys approached by three men asking for money to talk to French foreign minister - John Marshall declined (hailed in Am.) - Ams. angry/wanted war (Jeffersonians opposed)

-Navy est. Marine Corps re-est. in unofficial war in Caribbean on French merchants

Front 41

Alien and Sedition Act

Back 41

Alien Laws - a/g poor immigrants, raised requirements for citizenship, encouraged Pres. to deport/imprison them

Sedition Act - anyone committing treason must pay heavy fine/be imprisoned

-Feds. gained popularity

Front 42

The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Back 42

VA (Madison) and KY (Jefferson) - stressed compact theory: 13 states were compact and natl. gov't was agent/creation of them, states can decide if creator overstepped authority - intent to spread Fed. opposition, but later used as support for secession

Front 43

Revolution of 1800

Back 43

the election of 1800 in which Jefferson won, though not major upheaval he claimed that election returned original republican spirit from Fed. rule

Front 44

midnight judges

Back 44

appointed by Adams on last day, Fed. judges to Supreme Court (most imp. John Marshall, critical in shaping of judiciary)

Front 45

Marbury v. Madison

Back 45

Will. Marbury app. justice of peace for DC, sued Sec. of State Madison for ignoring his commission,

John Marshall considered his appt. (under the Judiciary Act of 1789( unconstitutional, est. idea of judicial review

Front 46

judicial review

Back 46

the Supreme Court alone had the last word (final authority) on the question of constitutionality

Front 47

The Louisiana Purchase

Back 47

Spain ceded land to France, James Monroe sent to Paris to buy New Orleans ($10 mil) but Napoleon (under pressure, Haiti) sold all of LA for $15 mil

-added rich land
-est. agrarian republic
-added Indians (set stage for wars)
-created a new democratic imperialism (acquisition of land/peoples, but they can retain laws)
-last EU power from NA removed

Front 48

Corps of Discovery

Back 48

sent by Jefferson, team led by Lewis and Clark traveled to Pacific coast, producing scientific observations, maps, knowledge of Indians, ability to go west

Front 49

Orders in Council

Back 49

passed by British gov't, closed EU ports under French control to foreign shipping, interfered with Am. trade (ships must pass through British, but if they did, seized by Nap.)

Front 50

impressment

Back 50

seizure of Am. ships, forcible enlistment of sailors

Front 51

Chesapeake Affair of 1807

Back 51

British overtook Am. ship, the _Chesapeake_ off coast of VA demanding his "deserters", but found none and opened fire on Am.s

Front 52

Embargo Act of 1807

Back 52

proposed by Jefferson, forbade exports of all goods from US to undermine French and British, but w/o revenue from exports, Am. economy (NE wanted to secede), but advanced Indust. Rev.

Front 53

Non-Intercourse Act

Back 53

replacing Embargo Act, reopened trade with all nations but Britain and France (economic coercion)

Front 54

Macon's Bill No. 2

Back 54

reopened Am. trade with world and if either Britain or France repealed restrictions, Am. would only not trade (est. embargo) with non-repealing nation

Front 55

war hawks

Back 55

rep.s in Congress that had an aggressive foreign policy and wanted war (w/ Britain)

Front 56

Battle of Tippecanoe

Back 56

led by Gov. W.H. Harrison, defeated Tecumseh and "The Prophet"

-made Harrison natl. hero
-discredited the Prophet
-drove Tecumseh into British alliane

Front 57

War of 1812

Back 57

fought b/w Britain and US largely over issue of trade/impressment, war ended in relative draw, demonstrated America's willingness to militarily defend interest, producing natlism. and creating respect from EU

Front 58

Battle of New Orleans

Back 58

led by Andrew Jackson, 2,000 British soldiers killed/wounded in short time

-spread natlism by restoring honor to Am.

Front 59

Treaty of Ghent

Back 59

Britain and Am. stopped fighting, grievances not discussed, Am. did not technically defeat Brit., but gained new respect

Front 60

Hartford Convention

Back 60

NE Feds. discussed grievances, sought redress (repeal 3/5 compromise, some wanted secession) - after war ended and NE no longer harmed by no trade, proposals seemed treasonous, Fed. party slipped away

Front 61

civil law

Back 61

body of written law enacted through legislative statutes or constitutional provisions (not Am. Const.)

Front 62

common law

Back 62

laws that originate from court rulings/customs - const. grew out of this Anglo-Am. tradition providing general framework for new gov't

Front 63

Thomas Paine

Back 63

extremely influential in Rev. cause; wrote Common Sense, which led to independence

Front 64

The Federalist

Back 64

series of essays by John Jay, Madison, Hamilton in support of new Const. through Fed. argument - imp. source of const. interp.

Front 65

Judiciary Act of 1801

Back 65

est. 16 new federal judgeships that ensured Fed. hold on judiciary

Front 66

Tripolitan War

Back 66

4 year conflict b/w Am. navy and Tripoli over Med. piracy

Jefferson reluctantly deployed Am. forces to en piracy and secured peace to ensure trade

Front 67

Tenskwatawa "The Prophet"

Back 67

brother of Tecumseh, leader of Shawnee tribe, "faded away" in Battle of Tippecanoe

Front 68

Tecumseh

Back 68

brother of The Prophet, leader of Shawne, helped to mobilize Indians a/g whites (do not give land away), pushed into alliance with Britain after Tippecanoe

Front 69

Ethan Allen

Back 69

American gen. who captured Ticonderoga

Front 70

Benedict Arnold

Back 70

Am. gen. became traitor of US

Front 71

Lord Charles Cornwallis

Back 71

British gen. that was cornered in at Yorktown and surrendered

Front 72

William Howe

Back 72

British gen. leading costly victory at Battle of Bunker Hill, and failing to help Burgoyne in Saratoga plan

Front 73

John Burgoyne

Back 73

British gen. defeated by Am. at Battle of Saratoga

Front 74

Comte de Rochambeau

Back 74

French gen. who went to Yorktown by sea to help Washington (from land) and defeat Cornwallis

Front 75

George Washington

Back 75

key leader in Am. Rev., first pres.(highly esteemed), helped to continue the "republican experiment"

Front 76

Alexander Hamilton

Back 76

Sec. of Treasury under Washington, built economy geared to favor wealthy, his political views later formed the Hamiltonian (and then Fed.) party

Front 77

John Jay

Back 77

co-wrote Federalist papers, made Jay's Treaty w/ Britain (Jeffersonians opposed it)

Front 78

John Adams

Back 78

2nd pres. of US, faced Hamiltonian/Jeffersonian opposition, signed controversial Alien and Sedition Acts, succeeded by Jefferson

Front 79

Thomas Jefferson

Back 79

wrote, Dec. of Ind., 3rd pres. of US (Rev. of 1800), formed Jeffersonian (later D-Rs) a/g Hamilton, LA Compromise during his presidency

Front 80

John Marshall

Back 80

apptd. Chief Justice by Adams, made many Fed. (Hamiltonian) decisions that shaped gov't, he est. judicial review

Front 81

Lewis and Clark

Back 81

decreed by Jefferson, led Corps of Discovery to Pacific

Front 82

Samuel Chase

Back 82

Jefferson tried to impeach Chase (a Fed.), but acquitted b/c had no real charges

-no attempt has been made since to reshape Supreme Court through impeachment - protected independence of judiciary and sep. of powers

Front 83

Aaron Burr

Back 83

Jefferson's1st-term VP, after dropped from Cab., joined Fed. extremists attempting to secede, later killed Hamilton in duel

Front 84

James Madison

Back 84

4th pres. (succeeded Jefferson), pushed for war w/ Britain (1812) to restore confidence in republican experiment - Congress passed (S+W D-Rs for it, NE Feds. a/g it)