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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Meta-analysis of 22 American-based studies suggested what percent of girls and boys experience sexual abuse during childhood? |
30 to 40% of girls and 13% of boys. |
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International meta-analysis around the world statistic of sex abuse? North America? |
In the world it's about 25% for girls and 8% for boys, and North America and ranges from 15 to 22% for both males and females |
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Define sexual assault in Canada |
Any non-consensual sexual act committed by a male or a female against either a male or a female i.e. human, regardless of the relationship between individuals involved |
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Three levels of sexual assault: |
Simple sexual assault;
sexual assault with a weapon or causing bodily harm;
aggravated sexual assault. |
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Why are there three levels? |
Severity of the crime of the length of the maximum sentence are the basis for the division of the offence categories. |
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Two problems with the three categories? |
Simply defined the type of physical action by the sex offender and does not take into account the psychological trauma of the victim
Does not categorize sexual offences that do not involve direct contact with the victim for example voyeurism or child pornography |
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Age of consent |
16 years old, or 18 years old if you're in a position of authority like a teacher student relationship.
In 2008 it changed from 14 to 16, and 1890 it was 12 |
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Define consent |
Consert is defined as the voluntary agreement of both parties to engage in sexual activity criminal code of Canada, 2011 |
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What's an example of an offence in Canada that does not fall under the stereo typical sexual offences category? |
Incest, Beastiality |
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Michael Seto and Yolanda Fernandez 2011 study 419 male sex offenders in Ontario and identified 4 distinct groups based on the scores on the stable 2000
what did they find |
Stable 2000 measures and identifies risk of sex offenders
Low needs;
typical group;
sexual deviant; emotional identification with children child molester attitude
pervasive high needs-numerous problems relating to both general and sexual regulation i.e. impulsive |
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Voyeur it's French for what |
One who looks |
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Define voyeurism |
Becoming sexually aroused by secretly spying on others as they diss robe or engage in sexual behaviour |
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What are the two criteria of. Voyeurism |
1. Individual experiences overwhelming fantasies, urges, thoughts and behaviours about observing another individual naked while disrobing or while engaging in sexual behaviour without the individual being aware of being watched for it. Longer than six months i.e. those Japanese guys that go on subways
2. These fantasies thoughts and urges and behaviours cause the voyeur personal distress and interfere with his ability to function normally or that he or she acts on the urge |
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Review of voyeurism revealed 4 things link to being a voyeur |
Being male,
increased psychological problems,
increase issues with drugs and alcohol,
heightened overall level of sexual arousability |
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Rye and Meaney 2009 study on voyeurism University student participants, what did they find? |
They offered university students to watch an attractive person undress and manipulated by the participant was told that he or she would have a zero, 10, or 25% chance of being caught.
Men were more willing to engage in voyeurism if there was no chance of being caught in the act |
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What age does. Voyeurism usually begin at |
15 years old |
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Who is Erin Andrews |
Erin Andrews is that girl that 50 Cent went to go make out with but then she did the hey buddy buddy pat on the shoulder
ESPN TV personality and a host of college game day correspondent of good morning America caught the attention of Michael David Barrett. Barrett became of SAST with Andrews admitted to stocking her for 18 months across three states. Into thousand eight, Barrett followed address to Tennessee where he remove the people from her hotel room door and recorded her and dressing. He also captured footage of Andrews in Wisconsin and then posted both of the videos online. Barrett was arrested by the FBI soon after for stocking and was given 2 1/2 your sentence |
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Exhibitionism two criteria for diagnosis: |
1. Exhibitionist experiences overwhelming thoughts, fantasies, urges and behaviours about him or herself to strangers for it. Longer than six months
2. These fantasies thoughts and behaviours cause him or her personal distress and interferes with his or her ability to function normally order that he has acted on the urge |
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Characteristics associated with exhibitionism five things |
-Being male
-Having more psychological problems
-Lower life satisfaction
-Drug and alcohol problems
-Increased level of masturbation and pornography viewing |
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What is the most common lawbreaking sexual behavior? What is second? |
Voyeurism, exhibitionism |
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Prevalence rate in Sweden study as well as Canadian study? |
3%, 5.4% |
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What is the most common lawbreaking sexual behavior? What is second? |
Voyeurism, exhibitionism |
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Prevalence rate in Sweden study as well as Canadian study? |
3%, 5.4% |
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What is the highest and most likely re-offender of sexual offenders -57% |
Exhibitionists, 57% being arrested again after the original conviction |
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How was child pornography defined in Canada? |
Any visual representation whether it's a photograph or video, audio recording, or written description that the pics a person who is, or is made to appear, under the age of 18 years old engaged and explicit sexual activity.
So something like Dora from pink guy would constitute child pornography |
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How was child pornography defined in Canada? |
Any visual representation whether it's a photograph or video, audio recording, or written description that the pics a person who is, or is made to appear, under the age of 18 years old engaged and explicit sexual activity.
So something like Dora from pink guy would constitute child pornography |
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Define paedophilia |
Characterized by persistent fantasies, urges, thoughts, behaviors, and sexual desire for prepubescent children and a lack of sexual interest and other adults |
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Hebephilia |
Sexual interest in adolescence, youth who have not reached adulthood but do you show signs of secondary sexual development like tits |
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Seto 2006 Study of child pornography and paedophiles found what |
Child pornographers have demonstrated greater sexual arousal to children than to adults,
-consuming child pornography was more indicative of paedophilia than actually a molesting a child
Watching child porn= more likely paedophile (desire) than molester (behavior) |
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What sort of background do child pornographers have? |
Majority were... white, males, diverse socio economic background, full-time employment.
Small number had been convicted of previous sexual offenses. |
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United States longitudinal study from the year 2000 to 2006, what differences did they find in the type of cp being consumed? |
2006 the children were younger, using more peer to peer network's to trade CP collections |
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Internet lurers two types |
Group driven to engage in sexual activity with a child or adolescent off-line
Those driven solely by fantasy and do not make plans to physically victimize the target but attempt to engage in cybersex with him or her |
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Traveller |
Individuals who meet children or adolescents online, groom them, and then travel some distance to sexually abuse
Dateline NBC Chris Hansen **** driving 500 miles |
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Characteristics of online sex offenders |
Child lurers are often white males,
less likely to be members of a racial minority,
younger,
experienced less physical abuse as a child,
and express higher rates of victim empathy vs. sex offenders who do not find the victims online |
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Do online sexual offenders have mental cognitive problems? |
No, fewer |
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Online versus off-line sex offenders differences |
May possess fewer and less severe criminogenic factors versus off-line
More likely to be emotionally identified with the child
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Frotteurism |
Sexually aroused by touching or rubbing against him nonconsenting individual i.e. Japanese subway guys |
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Frotteurism when does it begin and who does it? |
Begins during adolescence more likely among males |
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Opportunistic rapist |
Individuals who sexually assaulted victim during the execution of another crime for example you rob somebody in their home and then you find a woman alone and Raper |
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Prevalence of female sexual abusers says its unknown, why? |
Male victims are less likely to report sexual offence in general and children are even less likely
Individual may think they are not being taken seriously
Close to half of the victims are the children of the female sexual abusers
The male is usually blamed for the crime and the offending female will be considered a victim, as if the young male is fortunate to have had a sexual experience with the experience at all female
South Park |
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Female sexual abuse situations often occur in a... where |
Babysitting situation most likely caring and nurturing role. |
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Average female sex offender age ranges where |
20s or 30s |
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The most common characteristic self reported by female sex offenders history |
History of being a victim of sexual, physical, and emotional abuse. 67% reported being the victim of a type of abuse in the past |
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Most prominent characteristic differentiating female and male sex offenders |
Inclusion of a co-offender during the commission of an abuse for example Victoria Martin's 63% of sex offenders that are female do it with another person that is usually male usually their husband or someone with whom they were in a relationship with |
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Matthews and Speltz 1989 three typologies of female sex offenders |
Teacher lover type intergenerational predisposed male coerced type
https://www.kent.ac.uk/psychology/people/gannont/Publication%204.pdf |
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Teacher lover type female sex offender, |
Believes that she and the student are in love, and that the relationship is a positive and educational experience for the child.
She does not believe that she is committing a criminal act by engaging in sexual behaviour with a student |
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Characteristics of teacher lover type |
Often were not sexually abused as children but were emotionally and physically abused
Likely that the emotional and physical abuse continued into adult relationships.
Feels that the younger male student has more understanding is more loving than adult males |
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Inter-generational a predispose type |
Characterized as a woman who suffered extensive sexual physical or emotional abuse as a child
Often works with a co-perpetrator targets children opportunistically |
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What's the most common way to categorize child molesters? |
Victim type or sexual interest i.e. family or situational versus preferential |
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Male coerced type |
Partakes in sexual abuse in the presence of another male
characterized as a co-dependent woman who often experienced sexual abuse herself during childhood and is now in a dysfunctional relationship with a male who abuses her |
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Karla Homolka |
Example of a male coerced type sex offender who begins doing it on her own independently
She was thought to have been coerced into raping and murdering two teenage girls by her husband Paul Bernardo but in reality she engage in the crimes in the absence of Bernardo |
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Two subtypes of female sex offenders |
Exploration/exploitation subtype and that psychologically disturbed subtype |
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Exploration and exploitation subtype characterized as a what |
Female who does not have a history of sexual physical or emotional abuse
Experience a little or no sexual activity and maybe curious about sex, often occurs in babysitting situation
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Nathan and Ward revealed the most pertinent risk factors of recidivism for a female sex offenders are what |
History of self harm prior to abuse, and ability to properly express emotions, experiencing feelings of rejection, rage and despair this all applies to any female sex offender regardless of technology |
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Juvenile sex offender rate |
20% of all reported rape and 50% of all reported sexual abuse in the United States holy **** |
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Who is Russell Williams |
Canadian colonel in the military and Air Force who broke into women's houses in order to steal their underwear and eventually progressed to the point where he raped and murdered two women |
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What's an example of a preferential child molester |
Exclusively sexually interested in children |
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Describe what a situational child molesters |
Someone who sexually interested in adults but I'll stand against a child because the opportunity presents itself like a psychopath |
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Difference between child molester and rapists |
Toddlers are generally more interested in sexual aspects of the offence whereas rapist are more motivated by anger and the violence itself.
Molesters generally are more socially inapt and less assertive. Rapist have more severe at the social history and are at a higher rate of a violent recidivism |
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Hazelwood 1995 typology of rapists |
Power reassurance,
power assertive,
anger retaliatory,
anger excitement and
opportunistic |
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Power assurance rapist |
Often feel unsure of their own adequacy and masculinity and use rape to reassure them selves that they are powerful |
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Power assertive rapist |
Does not lacking confidence or feelings of in adequacy but instead sexually salted women to feel dominant a powerful in itself. Likely to be quite macho and his attitude and off in tears the clothing off of the woman |
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Anger retaliatory rapist |
Dislike women in general and use sexual assault as a means to degrade and punish women for their perceived wrong doings. They are unlikely to plan their offense; they simply attack women when feeling angry I.e. Elliot Rogers ultimate gentleman
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Anger excitement rapist |
Similar to a sadist and that they derive pleasure and sexual arousal from inflicting pain. They become sexually excited by the fear demonstrated by the victim and often are extremely cruel |
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Meta-analysis examining anti-socialiality and sexual deviance among adolescents came to three conclusions |
1. 53% of juvenile sex offenders in the sample refunded within five years following release
2. Risk factors are similar for adult sex offenders including criminal history and antisocial attitude
3. Juvenile offenders share with adult offenders the risk factor that they themselves were likely the victims of sexual abuse |
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Sadism |
Paraphilia characteristic of people who become sexually aroused on the infliction of pain or humiliation of another human being |
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Sexual homicide |
Having sex before during or after the commission of a murder. |
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First major study undertaken on sexual homicides 1898 |
Psychopathia sexualis kraft ebing |
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Langevin 2003 University of Toronto compared sexual murderers too aggressive sex offenders, general sex offenders and sadists finding what? X 5 |
Found that sexual murders were more likely to engage in criminal acts at a
younger age,
more disturbed as children,
attended reform school,
more likely to be part of a gang,
murders occurred when they were younger I E 30% before the age of 20. |
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Sexual offenders often have a profound lack of empathy for their victims, but what did bushman 2008 and colleague specify about this type of empathy in relation to sexual abuse victims? |
Page 269 they specify that most of the offenders do not actually have pervasive empathy deficits but rather that this deficit specifically relates to their sexual abuse victims and can be explained potentially because they have cognitive distortion's rather than an emotional affect problem |
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Victim blaming |
Occurs when the thunder justifies his or her actions by believing that the victim after a dress so doctorly I was asking to be offended against i.e. cognitive distortion of a sexual offender |
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Social competence with the opposite sex in relation to sex offenders? |
Research has shown that many sex offenders luck hetero social competence I eat a lot necessary skills engage and socially with the opposite sex
Rapist had lower competence the non sex offenders, and child molesters had lower hetero social competence than rapists, incarcerated nine sex offenders, and on sex offenders, pretty much everyone else |
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Marshall and Marshall 2006 study the Canadian sample of 80 incarcerated offenders, 40 sex offenders and 40 non sex offenders looking at the differences
What did they find |
They found out sex offenders were three times more likely to be classified as sex addicts then there non-sex offender counterpart, also more likely to report a preoccupation with sex and having been the victim of child sexual abuse |
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Meta-analysis revealed that the following risk factors are related to sex offending: |
History of sexual abuse,
possessing antisocial personality traits,
difficulty with intimate relationships,
experiencing harsh discipline as a child, and loneliness |
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Langevin & curnoe studied the brands of sex offenders to investigate whether such individuals have brain damage or abnormalities, what did they find |
Study revealed one third of their sample showed cognitive impairment, but that is a permits were not significantly different from the general population
Discovered sex offenders in general were more likely to have:
learning disorders, low IQ, and endocrine abnormalities.
So Kevin and Jamie
Specifically they discover that sex offenders who had targeted adults had more alcohol issues and that those who had targeted children had more overall cognitive impairments. |
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Which factors are associated with an elevated risk of reoffending I am recidivism |
Deviant sexual interest
Antisocial orientation such as being impulsive
substance abuse
intimacy deficit
negative family background
internalization of psychological problems |
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How do you assess risk for a sex offender? |
Rest assessments are actuarial scale used to measure an offender's risk factors |
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Hanson 1998 breaks down risk factors into three categories;☝️☝️☝️☝️☝️☝️☝️☝️☝️☝️☝️ |
Stable risk factors, stable dynamic, acute dynamic risk factors |
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Stable risk factors |
Factors that are historical and cannot change for example childhood abuse |
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Stable dynamic risk factor |
Behavioural and personality traits that are constant overtime but are able to be changed or readjusted for example sexual preference is amenable to change |
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Acute dynamic risk factors |
Factors that can change rapidly and are easily readjusted with an intervention and treatment for example a person's current mental state, mood |
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Actuarial risk assessment versus clinical opinion |
Actuarial recess estimate are based on statistical models that determine offenders rest offence through how similar the offender is two other offenders for home the rest of reoffense is known
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CBT with sex offenders |
CBT with sex offender's address is cognitive distortion's, empathy, and the experience of the victim. Usually has the offender imagine him or herself as the victim of the crime and to be able to understand the experience of victimization
Anger and stress management training, social skills training, problem-solving strategies, moral judgement training, treatment for substance abuse, relapse prevention training through education |
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What is the most effective treatment for sex offenders? |
For both juvenile and adult offenders CBT is the most effective |
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Two types of biological treatment |
Chemical castration Stereotaxic neurosurgery |
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Chemical castration, what are the methods |
Administration of pharmacological medication to reduce libido, sexual urges and sexual arousal. Achieved using medication such as blah |
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Stereo toxic neurosurgery |
Procedure that makes a small lesion on the brain to reduce libido and sexual arousal |
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Individuals who do not complete treatment of sex offender programs are likely to possess what |
Negative attitude towards treatment, lower level of education, committed previous offenses, high actuarial risk to reoffend in before entering program |
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Two sex offender registry is in Canada |
Ontario and national sex offender registry |
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Why are there two sex offender registry is in Canada? |
In 1988 Christopher Stevens 11 years old and was abducted from the shopping mall in Brampton, Ontario.
His body was discovered a few days later badly beaten and sexually abused and it was soon discovered that the offender was a sex offender on parole.
The corner at the time recommended that Canada needed a more effective way to manage sex offenders, the federal government was not going to implement a sex offender registry at the time so the provincial government created Christopher's law which required all sex offenders in Ontario to register and was launch in April 1, 2001 |
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Differences between Ontario and national sex offender registry? |
-Ontario has its own police force so it is a provincial registry whereas other national people for example outside of Ontario like Quebec would not register in Ontario unless they moved
Individuals convicted of voyeurism or beastiality are eligible to be included in the national registry when they do not have to on Ontario
National registry includes additional information including distinguishable marks such a stars or tattoos
National list can be placed on the list for 10, 20, or the remainder of her life time based on the sentence length versus minimum 10 years for Ontario up to max life |
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What is the most common use the risk assessment for calculating a sex offenders risk of recidivism? |
Actuarial methods |
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For commonly use risk assessments to protect risk of recidivism among sex offenders: |
Violence arrest appraisal guide
Sex offender recipes or guide
Rabbit rescue assessment for sex offence recidivism
Static 99 |
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VRAG What is it, given example of a question |
12 item actuarial risk assessment that assesses violence i'm an adult men using static risk factors.
For example what is their history of alcohol problems |
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SORAG What is it, given example of a question |
14 item actuarial risk assessment that is very similar to the VR AG. It assesses risk for violence recidivism but should be used only when the individual has a history of committing sexual crimes
Additional two items addressed as the number of sexual offences committed as well as phallometric test results |
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RRASOR |
For static items; prior sex arrest, age, whether the offender has ever targeted male victims, whether the victims were randomly targeted and unrelated to the offender
Questions are split like the PCL are into categories and then determines the likelihood of refunds within 5 to 10 years |
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The static 99 |
Comprises 10 static items: four items used in RRASOR, six additional items including whether the offender ever left with an intimate partner, why did the offender had committed any previous contact sexual offence and whether the offender has ever committed non-contact sexual offense. Same scoring style as RRASOR however the tabulated scores can fall in one of seven categories
Predicts recidivism at five, 10, and 15 year intervals |
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What other ways can you predict recidivism of sex offenders outside of actuarial methods |
Clinical protection, intuition, penile phallometry |
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What's the medical term for blood engorging your dick |
Tumescence |
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Sex offender treatment programs three different types |
CBT, psychodynamic therapy, medical physical treatment |
