Ch.1 Chem

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science

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an attempt to organize and understand our observations of the world around us.

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chemistry

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science that studies the properties & interaction of matter

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hypothesis

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a tentative interpretation or explanation for an observation. A good hypothesis is one that can be tested to be proved wrong!

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scientific theory

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a general explanation for why things in nature are the way they are and behave the way they do

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scientific law

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a specific statement that summarizes all past observations and predicts future observations

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matter

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anything that has mass and occupies space

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solid

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definite shape and volume that results from the particles being tightly packed and unable to move past one another.

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crystalline solids

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solids that have their particles arranged in patterns with long-range repeating order (diamonds, sugar crystals, salt)

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amorphous solids

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solids that have their particles randomly distributed without any long-range pattern (plastic, glass, charcoal)

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liquid

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definite volume but not shape; particles are able to move past one another, but cannot completely separate from each other

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gas

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no definite shape or volume; particles are separate and fill up the entire space of a container

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pure substance

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matter whose composition does not change from one sample to another.

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elements

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substances that contain only 1 kind of atom; there are 114 elements

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atom

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smallest possible particle of an element that still retains the properties of that element

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compound

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substances that contain more than one type of element bonded in fixed proportions-water is always H2O. (combination of 2 or more atoms bonded together)

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molecule

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smallest particle of a compound that still has the properties of that compound

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mixtures

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substances that have differing compositions and so varying properties.

Unlike compounds, the parts of this are not bonded together.

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mixtures can be classified as..

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homogeneous

heterogeneous

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homogeneous mixture

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very similar compositions (solutions)

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heterogeneous mixture

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very different compositions (think concrete)

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monoatomic elements

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exist as single atoms that come together but do not necessarily bond to each other.

elemental form- single atom

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diatomic elements

and example

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like to have 2 atoms of the element bonded together.

H, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I

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polyatomic elements

and example

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like to have multiple atoms of the element bonded together.

P4, S8, and Se8.

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writing chemical compound shows what about the compound?

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The formula lists the elements in the compound and the subscript shows how many of a particular atom is there:

element and how many

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Classify as element, compound or mixture.

ice

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compound

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Classify as element, compound or mixture.

oxygen in air

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element

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Classify as element, compound or mixture.

alcoholic drink

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mixture

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Classify as element, compound or mixture.

copper wiring

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element

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Classify as element, compound or mixture.

sugar

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compound

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physical properties

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properties that can be measured and described easily using your 5 senses: color, texture, shape, etc. These properties are displayed without changing the matters composition

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chemical properties

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only found when we change substance. (reactions or rearrangement of atoms..)

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physical change

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no chemical change (water and sugar- sugar dissolves but not broken down)

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chemical change

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produces substance with new chemical properties

(iron + water + air= rust)

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What type of change is represented (chemical or physical)?

exploding dynamite

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chemical

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What type of change is represented (chemical or physical)?

melting butter

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physical

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measurements in chemistry

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in order to get experimental data, we have to take measurements and they have to be organized and standardized.

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systeme international (SI units)

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mass kilogram
length meter
time (t) second
temperature (T) Kelvin
Amount (n) mole
Volume (V) liter

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scientific notation

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tera T x 1012
giga G x 109
mega M x 106
kilo k x 103
deci d x 10-2
centi c x 10-2
milli m x 10-3
micro m x 10-6
nano n x 10-9
pico p x 10-12

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accuracy

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closest to the true value. Inaccuracy in measurement caused by systematic errors (errors caused by limitations in the instruments or techniques or experimental design; can be reduced by using more accurate instruments, or better technique or experimental design

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precision

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values come close together (imprecision caused by random errors- cannot be corrected but helps to get many values)

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When adding/ subtracting significant figures...

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decimal places in result is number of places in value with fewest places.

fewest decimal places...

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when multiplying/ dividing sig figs...

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number of sig figs in result is same as value with fewest sig figs.

fewest sig figs...

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Do not use sig figs from...

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constants (such as elements)

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extensive properties

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properties whose value depends on the quantity of matter.

cannot be used to identify what type of matter something is.

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intensive properties

example

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properties whose value is independent of the quantity of matter. often used to identify the type of matter. Samples with identical intensive properties are usually the same material

example - density

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archimedes principle

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volume of a solid can be determined by water displacement.