Ch 9 Respiratory System

Front 1

External Respiration

Back 1

In the lungs, oxygen inhaled from the air is exchanged with CO2 from the blood

Front 2

Internal Respiration

Back 2

The exchange of gases bt the blood and tissue cells

Front 3

Common Cold/Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

Back 3

Acute inflammatory process that affects the mucous membrane that lines the upper respiratory tract

Front 4

Common Cold/Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Signs and Symptoms

Back 4

Confined to nose and pharynx, can also infect the larynx and lungs. Symptoms depend on virus responsible. Nasal congestion and discharge, sneezing, watering eyes, sore throat, hoarseness, coughing. Headache, fever, malaise.

Front 5

Common Cold/Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Etiology

Back 5

Can be caused by almost 200 different viruses. Rhinovirus cause half of the colds in adults. General poor health, poor nutrition, lack of exercise predispose to common cold.

Front 6

Common Cold/Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Treatment

Back 6

Should clear up in 5-7 days, if bacterial should be no longer than 7-10 days. Persistent cough or nasal congestion may suggest the presence of allergies or asthma. No cure. Resting, drink fluids, use vaporizer, otc antihistamine, decongestants, cough suppressant, or mild analgesics for temp relief.

Front 7

Common Cold/Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Prognosis

Back 7

Benign, self limiting.

Front 8

Sinusitis

Back 8

Acute or chronic inflammation of mucous membrane of paranasal sinuses.

Front 9

Sinusitis Signs and Symptoms

Back 9

Frontal and maxillary most commonly involved. If frontal, headache is common, pain and tenderness just above the eyes that intensified when bend over. Maxillary has pain in cheeks and upper teeth. Drainage will be thick and greenish yellow mucopurulent discharge. Typically 3-4 weeks.

Front 10

Sinusitis Etiology

Back 10

Can be viral, fungal, or more commonly bacterial that travel from nose to sinus. Predisposed if have deviated septum, or nasal polyps. Can result from swimming, tooth extraction, tooth abscess, or allergies.

Front 11

Sinusitis Treatment

Back 11

Saline nasal sprays, corticosteroid nasal sprays, broad spectrum antibiotics, oral corticosteroids, antihistamine, decongestants. If persistent sinusotomy (surgery) pierce maxillary sinus to allow drainage and relieve pressure.

Front 12

Pharyngitis

Back 12

Sore throat. Acute or chronic inflammation or infection of pharynx.

Front 13

Pharyngitis Signs and Symptoms

Back 13

Inflammation of tonsils, uvula, and palate. Dry, burning sensation or feeling of lymph in throat. Chills, fever, dysphonia, dysphasia, cervical lymphadenopathy common. Mucosa of pharynx is red swollen with or w/o tonsillar exudate depending on causative organism.

Front 14

Pharyngitis Etiology

Back 14

Viral infection most common. Tonsillitis most important cause. In children often from strep. Can be secondary to chickenpox and measles. Occasionally from irritation from tobacco, excessive heated air, chemical irritants, sharp objects.

Front 15

Pharyngitis Treatment

Back 15

Lozenges, mouthwashes, salt water gargles, ice collar, anti inflammatory. If longer than a few days contact physician. Acute bacterial infections necessitate systemic antibiotics or sulfonamides. Bed rest, plenty fluids.

Front 16

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Back 16

Among head and neck cancers that are not linked to tobacco use. Often linked to dietary intake or Epstein Barr virus infection

Front 17

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Signs and Symptoms

Back 17

Often asymptomatic during early stages. Clinical triad includes neck mass, nasal obstruction with epistaxis, serous otitis media. Rare to find all 3 symptoms together. Other symptoms headaches, hearing loss, tinnitus, pain, impaired function of cranial nerves.

Front 18

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Etiology

Back 18

Consumption of salted fish, foods with high level nitrates, Chinese herbs, EBV infection, tobacco and alcohol low risk factors.

Front 19

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Treatment

Back 19

Surgery not preformed bc anatomical constraints. Usually treated w radiation therapy w or w/o chemo.

Front 20

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Prognosis

Back 20

Poor. Most have advanced since asymptomatic that have different metastasis in other areas of body.

Front 21

Laryngitis

Back 21

Inflammation of larynx including vocal cords.

Front 22

Laryngitis Signs and Symptoms

Back 22

Hoarseness causes a phobia, fever, malaise, painful throat, dysphagia, can interfere w breathing

Front 23

Laryngitis Etiology

Back 23

Viral or bacterial. Chronic or acute. URIs (cold, tonsillitis, sinusitis) common causes. Acid reflux can cause. Inhalation of irritating material can cause (tobacco, weather, alcohol)

Front 24

Laryngitis Treatment

Back 24

Absolute voice rest, bed rest in humidified room, fluids, no tobacco or alcohol, use lozenges. Antibiotics if bacterial. Usually recover w/in a week.

Front 25

Deviated Septum Signs and Symptoms

Back 25

Crooked nasal septum. Narrowing and obstruction of air passage makes breathing difficult. Tendency to develop sinusitis

Front 26

Deviated Septum Etiology

Back 26

Congenital can be from trauma to nose.

Front 27

Deviated Septum Treatment

Back 27

Not usually necessary. Can be straightened surgically (rhinoplasty or septoplasty). Good prognosis.

Front 28

Nasal Polyps

Back 28

Benign growth that forms as a consequence of distended mucous membrane protruding into the nasal cavity

Front 29

Nasal Polyps Signs and Symptoms

Back 29

Not harmful but can become large enough to obstruct nasal airway making breathing difficult. Often impair sense of smell (anosmia). If obstruct sinus have symptoms of sinusitis.

Front 30

Nasal Polyps Etiology

Back 30

Overproduction of fluid in the cells of the mucous membrane. Often result of allergic rhinitis. Some aspirin sensitive people have triad: polyps, asthma, urticaria (hives)

Front 31

Nasal Polyps Treatment

Back 31

Surgical removal. Injections of steroids into polyps can give relief.

Front 32

Anosmia

Back 32

Impairment or loss of sense of smell

Front 33

Anosmia Signs and Symptoms

Back 33

Ability to taste liquids and food also impaired or lost.

Front 34

Anosmia Etiology

Back 34

Chronic condition such as nasal polyps and allergic rhinitis most common causes. Intranasal swelling from URIs can cause temporary anomia. Can be from damage to olfactory nerves caused by head injury or brain tumor (rare).

Front 35

Anosmia Treatment

Back 35

Depends on cause. If polyps, removed, correction of nerve damage may not be possible. For allergic rhinitis, series of injections with stronger concentrations of offending allergens used to desensitize patient. Prognosis can be temp, or guarded.

Front 36

Epistaxis (Nosebleed) Signs and Symptoms

Back 36

Typically one nostril often no apparent reason. Unlikely symptom of any other disease. If significant blood loss, cause vertigo, increased pulse, pallor, shortness of breath, drop in BP. Common in children. Seek help if over 10 minutes.

Front 37

Epistaxis (Nosebleed) Etiology

Back 37

Common cause are cold or infections that cause damage to mucous membrane lining. Direct trauma, nose picking, presence of foreign body. Relation to measles, scarlet and rheumatic fever, hypertension, CHF. Symptom of hemophilia, thrombocytopenia, leukemia. Risk factors: Vitamin K deficiency, hypertension, aspirin ingestion, high altitudes, anticoagulant therapy.

Front 38

Epistaxis (Nosebleed) Treatment

Back 38

Apply constant direct pressure on either bridge of nose 5-10 minutes. RhinoRocket can be used. If persistent epinephrine is used, followed by cauterization w silver nitrate. Nasal packing placed 1-3 days. Mild sclerosing agent can be used. Last resort surgical ligation. Good prognosis.

Front 39

Tumors of the Larynx Signs and Symptoms

Back 39

Dysphonia usually only symptom. If malignant dysphagia may be experienced. In children stridor (high pitch crowing sound). Hoarseness in benign. Malignant slightly more common in men over women.

Front 40

Tumors of the Larynx Etiology

Back 40

2 types of benign: papilliomas (usually in multiples) and polyps (single). Caused by misuse or overuse of vocal cords. Smoking and reflux are contributing factors. Malignant caused by heavy tobacco use.

Front 41

Tumors of the Larynx Treatment

Back 41

Papillomas and polyps treated w correction of vocal strain, reflux management and tobacco cessation. May be excised w local anesthetic. Malignant treated w radiation if early stage. Laryngectomy may be needed if metastasized. Will need speech therapy.

Front 42

Laryngeal Cancer Signs and Symptoms

Back 42

Most common site for head and neck tumors. Dysphagia, hemoptysis, chronic cough, referred pain to the ear, stridor, airway obstruction.

Front 43

Laryngeal Cancer Etiology

Back 43

Smoking and alcohol abuse. Combination of 2 have a 200 fold greater risk of developing. HPV also risk. Exposure to agents from work (dry cleaners, asbestos)

Front 44

Laryngeal Cancer Treatment

Back 44

Usually diagnosed early bc hoarseness. Patient usually chooses which therapy due to quality of life. Can preserve voice: radiation or surgical: partial or total laryngectomy. If resectable usually surgery followed by radiation.

Front 45

Hemoptysis

Back 45

Coughing or spitting up blood from respiratory tract

Front 46

Hemoptysis Signs and Symptoms

Back 46

Streaked or spotted blood with minor infections. Can be massive indication of underlying condition. Bright red or dark blood sputum or dark red clots from pulmonary or bronchial circulation. Profuse bleeding if severe lung infection

Front 47

Hemoptysis Etiology

Back 47

Trauma, erosion of vessel, calcification, or tumors can cause bronchial bleeding. Pulmonary infarcts, fungal infections, tumors or ulcerations of larynx or pharynx and coagulation defects.

Front 48

Hemoptysis Treatment

Back 48

Find location and cause of bleeding. If severe surgical removal or repair and ligation. If minor, antibiotics and cough suppressant prescribed. Prognosis good w Treatment

Front 49

Atelectasis

Back 49

Airless or collapsed state of the pulmonary tissue.

Front 50

Atelectasis Signs and Symptoms

Back 50

Follows incomplete expansion of lobules or segments of the lung. Hypoxia, experience dyspnea. If small part of lung involved, dyspnea only symptom. If large area, severe dyspnea, substernal retraction, cyanosis, diminished breath sounds. Anxiety, diaphoresis, tachycardia. Fever bc collapsed tissue is prone to infection.

Front 51

Atelectasis Etiology

Back 51

Obstruction in bronchial tree. Failure to breath deeply postoperative or prolonged inactivity

Front 52

Atelectasis Treatment

Back 52

Postop encouraged to ambulate as soon as possible, breath deeply and cough periodically. Suctioning airway to remove obstruction, spirometry, antibiotics. Analgesic for pain. Surgical drainage.

Front 53

Pulmonary Embolism Signs and Symptoms

Back 53

Determined by size and location. Onset of dyspnea and chest pain, often presents with non respiratory symptoms such as tachycardia and apprehension. Cough low grade fever if small. If large tachypnea, dyspnea, hemoptysis, chest pain. Massive: cyanosis, shock, death.

Front 54

Pulmonary Embolism Etiology

Back 54

Oral contraceptives, diabetes, MI are contributing factors

Front 55

Pulmonary Embolism Treatment

Back 55

Anticoagulant, O2 therapy, heparin, warfarin

Front 56

Pneumonia

Back 56

Infective inflammation of lungs

Front 57

Pneumonia Signs and Symptoms

Back 57

Can be uni or bilateral. Cough, fever, shortness of breath, chills, sweating, chest pains, cyanosis, blood in sputum.

Front 58

Aspiration Pneumonia

Back 58

Aspiration of liquids into tracheobronchial tree. In patients who have serious problems swallowing. Common in elderly or weakened by cancer, those w neurological problems, Parkinson’s, stroke.

Front 59

Pneumonia Etiology

Back 59

Viral or bacterial infection. Staph or strep common.

Front 60

Pneumonia Treatment

Back 60

Organism specific antibiotics. Penicillin is typical drug of choice. Mycoplasma infections treated w broad spectrum antibiotics

Front 61

Pulmonary Abscess

Back 61

Cavity of contained infectious material in lungs

Front 62

Pulmonary Abscess Signs and Symptoms

Back 62

Common in lower portion of lungs and right lung bc more vertical bronchus. Alternating chills and fever. Chest pain, productive cough, purulent bloody or foul smelling sputum, foul smelling breath.

Front 63

Pulmonary Abscess Etiology

Back 63

Complications of pneumonia. Aspiration of food, foreign object, bronchial stenosis, neoplasm. Septic embolism, periodontal Disease, gingivitis, sinus infection, iv drug abuse.

Front 64

Pulmonary Abscess Treatment

Back 64

Antibiotics. Surgical resection of abscess if antibiotics not successful. Good prognosis for adults but guarded for very young and elderly

Front 65

Legionellosis (Legionnaires Disease and Pontiac Fever)

Back 65

Pneumonia caused by legionella pneumophila.

Front 66

Legionellosis (Legionnaires Disease and Pontiac Fever) Signs and Symptoms

Back 66

2 forms: legionnaires is severe, Pontiac if mild. General malaise, headache, cough. Rapid onset of chills, fever, chest pain, dyspnea, myalgia, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia. Incubation for legionnaires is 2-10 days. Pontiac is less severe includes high fever, muscle aches last 2-5 days no pneumonia.

Front 67

Legionellosis (Legionnaires Disease and Pontiac Fever) Etiology

Back 67

L. Pneumophila. Not contagious. Inhaled from contaminated aerosolized water droplets.

Front 68

Legionellosis (Legionnaires Disease and Pontiac Fever) Treatment

Back 68

Antibiotics therapy. Azithromycin or levofloxacin. Mild cases erythromycin or doxycycline. Pontiac Fever resolves itself w no treatment.

Front 69

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Pneumonia (RSV)

Back 69

Inflammatory and infectious condition of the lungs common in infants, children and elderly

Front 70

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Pneumonia (RSVP) Signs and Symptoms

Back 70

Cold like symptoms (nasal congestion, otitis media, coughing, mild upper respiratory tract infection. As progresses downward fever, malaise, lethargy, frequent coughing, wheezing, dyspnea.

Front 71

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Pneumonia (RSVP) Etiology

Back 71

Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Occur during winter months December-March.

Front 72

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Pneumonia (RSVP) Treatment

Back 72

Antipyretics for fever, antibiotics for otitis media. Self limiting for upper. Lower involves inhalation therapy (3% hypertonic saline) O2 therapy and hydration. Good prognosis.

Front 73

Histoplasmosis

Back 73

Fungal Disease originates in lungs caused by inhalation of dust.

Front 74

Histoplasmosis Signs and Symptoms

Back 74

May cause pneumonia or become systemic. Many people asymptomatic, not contagious. As disseminates through pulmonary tissue experience dyspnea, loss of energy to point of incapacitation. Febrile, spleen and lymph nodes enlarge. Opportunistic infection in AIDS patients.

Front 75

Histoplasmosis Etiology

Back 75

H. Capuslatum carries by dust and inhaled. Contaminated from droppings of birds and bats, tearing down of old buildings.

Front 76

Histoplasmosis Treatment

Back 76

Self limiting. Antifungal drugs, itraconazole, fluconazole, amphotericin B used for severe cases. Spontaneous recovery usual. Progressive Histoplasmosis can be fatal.

Front 77

Influenza

Back 77

Generalized highly contagious acute viral disease. Annual outbreaks.

Front 78

Influenza Signs and Symptoms

Back 78

Inflammation of upper and lower respiratory tract mucous membranes. Severe protracted cough, fever, headache, sore throat, malaise.

Front 79

Influenza Etiology

Back 79

Orthomyxovirus types A, B , C. Many mutant strains reproduce in humans and animals. Incubation period 1-3 days so spread easily. Fatalities occur 48 hrs after onset symptoms.

Front 80

Influenza Treatment

Back 80

Symptomatic. Vaccines useless. Bed rest, increased fluid, light diet, antipyretic and analgesics. Aspirin should not be used.

Front 81

Acute and Chronic Bronchitis Signs and Symptoms

Back 81

Deep persistent productive cough. Thick yellow gray sputum. Shortness of breath, wheezing, slightly elevated temp, pain in upper chest aggravated by cough. Acute symptoms subside w/in a week cough last 2-3 weeks. In chronic last at least 3 months of the tear for 2 years.

Front 82

Acute and Chronic Bronchitis Etiology

Back 82

Begins after common cold or other viral infection. Same bacteria can cause pneumonia.

Front 83

Acute and Chronic Bronchitis Treatment

Back 83

For acute no specific treatment. Aspirin for fever, increase water intake, vaporizer and humidifier, cough suppressant. Chronic: low oxygen therapy, areosolized corticosteroids for inflammation, give up smoking. Guarded prognosis for chronic.

Front 84

Bronchiectasis

Back 84

Permanent irreversible dilation or distortion of one or more bronchi resulting from destruction of muscular and elastic portions of bronchial walls.

Front 85

Bronchiectasis Signs and Symptoms

Back 85

Takes many years to develop, typically bilateral involves lower lobes. Chronic cough producing large quantities of purulent foul smelling sputum. Hemoptysis, dyspnea, wheezing, fever, malaise. Chronic halitosis.

Front 86

Bronchiectasis Etiology

Back 86

Repeated damage to bronchial wall caused by recurrent airway infections. Can result from pneumonia, TB, bronchial obstruction, inhalation of corrosive gas. Common life threatening complication of cystic fibrosis, measles, whooping cough.

Front 87

Bronchiectasis Treatment

Back 87

Antibiotics and bronchodilators. If patients has great deal of hemoptysis surgery to remove affected part of lung advised. Prognosis varies.

Front 88

Pulmonary Emphysema

Back 88

Chronic obstructive, destructive changes in alveolar walls. Irreversible enlargement of alveolar air space

Front 89

Pulmonary Emphysema Signs and Symptoms

Back 89

Destruction of alveolar septa. Interferes w breathing and gas exchange in lungs. Difficult to breathe, dyspnea, tachypnea, wheezing. Barrel chest, pursed lips, circumoral cyanosis, right heart failure, digital clubbing

Front 90

Pulmonary Emphysema Etiology

Back 90

Cigarette smoking, repeated respiratory tract infections

Front 91

Pulmonary Emphysema Treatment

Back 91

Avoid smoking and respiratory tract infections. Corticosteroids beta 2 adrenergic. Poor prognosis for long term.

Front 92

Pneumoconiosis

Back 92

Long term mineral dust inhalation.

Front 93

Pneumoconiosis Signs and Symptoms

Back 93

Cause progressive, chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and infection of lungs. Dyspnea, dry cough, later turns productive, increased effort for Inspiration. Pulmonary hypertension, tachypnea, malaise recurrent respiratory tract infections. Family can be exposed due to dust on clothing.

Front 94

Pneumoconiosis Etiology

Back 94

Occupational disease. Inhalation of inorganic dust particles over prolonged period. Takes at least 10 years. Asbestos, anthracosis (blk lung) silicosis (quartz)

Front 95

Pneumoconiosis Treatment

Back 95

Bronchodilators, O2 therapy, chest physical therapy, corticosteroids, lung transplant

Front 96

Pleuritis Signs and Symptoms

Back 96

Unilateral sharp needle like pain that increases w inspiration and coughing. Cough fever chills. Inspiration shallow, rapid, restricted. Pain radiates from shoulder to abdomen.

Front 97

Pleuritis Etiology

Back 97

Secondary to other diseases. May result from injury or tumor. 2 types. Wet (extra fluid, increased volume caused compression) or dry ( layers rub together become congested and edematous).

Front 98

Pleuritis Treatment

Back 98

Antibiotics, treat underlying disease, splinting chest and deep breathing exercises. Therapeutic thoracostomy.

Front 99

Pneumothorax

Back 99

Collection of air or gas in pleural cavity that results from collapsed lung.

Front 100

Pneumothorax Signs and Symptoms

Back 100

Shortness of breath, sharp chest pain, falling BP, rapid weak pulse, shallow weak respiration. Cyanotic and anxious. Increased air pressure on affected side cause mediastinum shift.

Front 101

Pneumothorax Etiology

Back 101

Opening present on surface of lung. Erosion of alveoli from tumor or disease. Spontaneous tear. Outside trauma (gun shot etc) rib penetrates. Gas or accumulation of pus generated by microorganisms can lead to Pneumothorax.

Front 102

Pneumothorax Treatment

Back 102

Fowler position (sitting). May require O2. Thoracostomy to withdraw air. Closed drainage established to allow expansion and healing of lung. Recovery depends on collapse of lung.

Front 103

Hemothorax

Back 103

Accumulation of blood or fluid in pleural cavity.

Front 104

Hemothorax Signs and Symptoms

Back 104

Similar to pneumothorax. Pale clammy skin, weak thready pulse, falling BP, gasping, labored breathing.

Front 105

Hemothorax Etiology

Back 105

Blood enters pleural space from trauma

Front 106

Hemothorax Treatment

Back 106

Lung reexpanded by thoracostomy. Surgical intervention to repair wound.

Front 107

Fail Chest Signs and Symptoms

Back 107

Instability in chest wall caused by multiple rib fractures (3 or more adjacent ribs). Cyanotic anxious chest moves inward during inspiration and outward during expiration (paradoxical breathing)

Front 108

Fail Chest Etiology

Back 108

Direct trauma

Front 109

Fail Chest Treatment

Back 109

Surgical repair

Front 110

Pulmonary Tuberculosis Signs and Symptoms

Back 110

Asymptomatic initially. Weight loss, reduced appetite, listlessness, vague chest pain, dry cough, loss of energy, fever. Then productive cough, blood or streaking hemoptysis, fever, night sweats.

Front 111

Pulmonary Tuberculosis Etiology

Back 111

M tuberculosis spread by droplet nuclei. Can survive in the dried form for months if not exposed to sunlight

Front 112

Pulmonary Tuberculosis Treatment

Back 112

Quarantined or treated. Treatment depends on if latent or active. If active use multiple anti tuberculosis agents (pyrazinamide). Can last 6-9 months. Drug resistant TB treated more aggressively. Prognosis good if treated early and completely.

Front 113

Infectious Mononucleosis: Epstein Barr Virus Infection

Back 113

Glandular Fever. Acute herpes virus infection

Front 114

Infectious Mononucleosis: Epstein Barr Virus Infection Signs and Symptoms

Back 114

Lymphadenopathy and fever. Malaise, anorexia, chills. Sore throat, headache, fatigue. Incubation 5-15 days. Affects mostly young adults rare after 35.

Front 115

Infectious Mononucleosis: Epstein Barr Virus Infection Etiology

Back 115

EBV. Kissing Virus. Highly contagious

Front 116

Infectious Mononucleosis: Epstein Barr Virus Infection Treatment

Back 116

Symptomatic. Bed rest. Fluid intake, antipyretics. Recovery after 3-4 months

Front 117

Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Signs and Symptoms

Back 117

Shock lung. Lungs are hemorrhagic, wet, boggy, congested, unable to diffuse oxygen. Atelectasis results. Occurs 24-48 hrs after surgical insult. Dyspnea, rapid shallow respiration, cyanosis, mottled skin. Rales, ronchi, wheezing present.

Front 118

Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Etiology

Back 118

Secondary to agent of insult that precipitates increased capillary permeability in lungs, pulmonary edema, resulting in respiratory failure. Injury activates leukocytes and platelets in capillaries that cause additional injury.

Front 119

Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Treatment

Back 119

No cure. Supportive care only. Protective lung ventilation. Prognosis guarded.

Front 120

Sarcoidosis

Back 120

Multisystem granulomatous (small lesions of inflamed cells)

Front 121

Sarcoidosis Signs and Symptoms

Back 121

Dry cough, shortness of breath, mild chest pain, abnormal lung stiffness. Fatigue, weight loss, swollen ankles, joint pain.

Front 122

Sarcoidosis Etiology

Back 122

Uncertain. Thought to be malfunctioning immune system.

Front 123

Sarcoidosis Treatment

Back 123

Abates spontaneously. 90% resolution w/in 1 yr. most people live normally, serious disability rare.

Front 124

Lung Cancer Signs and Symptoms

Back 124

Most common cancer in both men and women. Cough w or w/o sputum. Dyspnea, hemoptysis, chest pain (dull) weight loss. Liver, bone, brain metastasis.

Front 125

Lung Cancer Etiology

Back 125

Small cell lung cancer and non small lung cancer. Small cell is almost exclusively in smokers.

Front 126

Lung Cancer Treatment

Back 126

Surgical resection, radiation, chemo. Late stages of NSCLC generally not treatable. 15% 5 year survival.