Ch 5 Eye And Ear

Front 1

Layers of the eye

Back 1

Sclera: outermost tough fibrous connective tissue. White of eye

choroid: continuous with ciliary body and iris. Supply eye with nutrients and oxygen. Ciliary muscle focus lens of eye. Ciliary process secrete aqueous humor. Iris regulates light entering eye.

retina: light sensitive layer made up of cones and rods. Cones function best in night light, rods dim light.

Front 2

Optic disc

Back 2

Blind spot. No receptor cells

Front 3

Hyperopia

Back 3

Farsightedness. Eye is focused behind the retina. Eyeball is abnormally short

Front 4

Myopia

Back 4

Nearsightedness. Eye focused in front of the retina. Eyeball abnormally long.

Front 5

Astigmatism

Back 5

Irregular focusing of light rays entering the eye. Usually bc cornea not spherical some images clear while others blurred.

Front 6

Presbyopia

Back 6

Inability of internal lens to focus on near objects due to loss of elasticity. Starts mid 40’s.

Front 7

Presbyopia Signs/Symptoms

Back 7

Blurred vision, eye fatigue leads to squinting, rubbing eye, headache.

Front 8

Presbyopia Etiology

Back 8

Familial or longed close work

Front 9

Presbyopia Diagnosis

Back 9

Test for visual acuity. For children eyes are dilated and checked for refractive error with retinoscope.

Front 10

Presbyopia Treatment

Back 10

Glasses or contacts. Laser surgery

Front 11

Nystagmus

Back 11

Involuntary, repetitive, rhythmic movements in one or both eyes.

Front 12

Nystagmus Signs/Symptoms

Back 12

Any repetitive or involuntary movement of one or both eyes. Movements can be horizontal, vertical, circular, or combination.

Front 13

Nystagmus Etiology

Back 13

Congenital is manifested before 6 months to a year (most common)

Acquired results when a disease produces lesions in the brain or inner ear.

Alcohol or drug use can cause also brain tumor

Front 14

Nystagmus Diagnosis

Back 14

Observation

Front 15

Nystagmus Treatment

Back 15

Acquired treated by treating underlying disease. Congenital can be lessened by using Kestenbaum procedure (eyes surgically rotated toward null point of the eye)

Front 16

Strabismus

Back 16

Visual defect of misalignment. Failure of the eyes to look in the same direction at the same time.

Front 17

Strabismus Signs/Symptoms

Back 17

Esotropia (crosseyed) convergent Strabismus, eyed turn inward

Exotropia (walleyed) divergent Strabismus, eyes turn outward.

Main symptom is diplopia, except when congenital.

Front 18

Strabismus Etiology

Back 18

May be associated with amblyopia. Typically when develops in adults caused by disease somewhere else in the body.

Front 19

Strabismus Treatment

Back 19

Treat as soon as possible. Corrective glasses minimize or prevent amblyopia, or surgery to restore eye muscle balance.

Front 20

Hordeolum (Stye)

Back 20

Acute painful abscess of an eyelash follicle or sebaceous gland of eyelid.

Front 21

Hordeolum (Stye) Signs/Symptoms

Back 21

Most often outside edge of eyelid. Pain, swelling, redness, formation of pus.

Front 22

Hordeolum (Stye) Etiology

Back 22

Staph infection or associated with secondary blepharitis.

Front 23

Hordeolum (Stye) Treatment

Back 23

Warm compress over a period of days. Topical antibiotics. Oral antibiotics may be needed if spread. Can be surgically drained if persistent.

Front 24

Chalazion

Back 24

Small firm non mobile painless subcutaneous nodule.

Front 25

Chalazion Signs/Symptoms

Back 25

Vary in size. Can become infected producing redness, swelling and pain.

Front 26

Chalazion Etiology

Back 26

Caused by blockage of fluid originating from one of the meibomian glands which lubricate the eyelid margin.

Front 27

Chalazion Treatment

Back 27

Small Chalazion usually disappear Spontaneously over a month or two with regular application of warm compress. May be facilitated by topical antibiotics treatment (tobramycin, azithromycin or quinolone drops)

Recurrent may respond to corticosteroid injections. If large may need to be removed surgically.

Front 28

Chalazion Prognosis

Back 28

Can be recurrent

Front 29

Keratitis

Back 29

Any inflammation or infection of the cornea

Front 30

Keratitis Signs/Symptoms

Back 30

Decreased visual acuity, irritation, tearing, photophobia, mild redness, of the conjunctiva. Pain or numbness of the cornea may follow.

Front 31

Keratitis Etiology

Back 31

Infection resulting from herpes, certain bacteria and fungi. Contact wear increases risk of bacterial Keratitis especially if slept in them. Corneal trauma, or exposure of the cornea to dry or intense light (as in welding).

Front 32

Keratitis Diagnosis

Back 32

Slit lamp confirms diagnosis. Visual acuity may be decreased.

Front 33

Keratitis Treatment

Back 33

Urgent treatment necessary to prevent spread. Broad spectrum antibiotics or antiviral agents can eradicate infection. Ophthalmic moisturizing ointments and eye drops for relief. Eyepatch may be needed for photophobia

Front 34

Keratitis Prognosis

Back 34

Prompt treatment decreases risk of ulceration that can erode the cornea and cause scar tissue

Front 35

Blepharitis

Back 35

Inflammation of the margins of the eyelids involving hair follicles and glands.

Front 36

Blepharitis Signs/Symptoms

Back 36

Persistent redness and crusting on and around the eyelid. Itching, burning, or foreign body sensation. Usually bilateral and symmetrical. If severe eyelashes can fall off.

Front 37

Blepharitis Etiology

Back 37

Ulcerative usually from staph infection. Nonulcerative from allergies or exposure to smoke, dusk, or chemicals. Can be secondary to seborrhea.

Front 38

Blepharitis Treatment

Back 38

Warm compress and mild baby shampoo generally resolves w/in 14 days. Antibiotics (bacitracin or erythromycin) for severe cases.

Front 39

Blepharitis Prognosis

Back 39

Can be resistant to treatment and become chronic if not properly treated. Untreated can lead to corneal and conjunctival inflammation.

Front 40

Blepharotosis (ptosis)

Back 40

Permanent drooping of upper eyelid, partially or completely covers eye.

Front 41

Blepharotosis (ptosis) Signs/Symptoms

Back 41

Usually one eye but can affect both. Can occur any age, often familial, if severe affects vision of eye.

Front 42

Blepharotosis (ptosis) Etiology

Back 42

Either weakness of third cranial nerve, weakness in muscle that raises eyelid, muscular dystrophy or myasthenia gravis can cause it.

Front 43

Blepharotosis (ptosis) Treatment

Back 43

Operation. If myasthenia gravis meds can be prescribed

Front 44

Conjunctivitis (pink eye)

Back 44

Inflammation of conjunctiva

Front 45

Conjunctivitis (pink eye) Signs/Symptoms

Back 45

Unit or bilateral. Redness, swelling, foreign body sensation, itching. Eye may tear excessively and extra sensitive to light. If infectious can be watery to hyperpurulent and highly contagious.

Front 46

Conjunctivitis (pink eye) Etiology

Back 46

Caused by infection (viral or bacterial) or by allergies or chemicals. Can be produced through sexual contact, wash cloth, fingers.

Front 47

Conjunctivitis (pink eye) Diagnosis

Back 47

Ophthalmic exam. Samples of discharge can be taken to identify bacterial organism.

Front 48

Conjunctivitis (pink eye) Treatment

Back 48

Eye should be kept free from discharge by use of cool compress. Topical or systemic antibiotics for bacterial infections

Front 49

Corneal Abrasion or Ulcer

Back 49

Abrasion is loss of surface epithelium or outer layer of cornea.

Front 50

Entropion

Back 50

Eyelid margins turn inward. Usually Lower lid

Front 51

Entropion Signs/Symptoms

Back 51

Sensation of foreign body in eye, tearing, itching, redness. Chronic irritation can cause conjunctivitis. Can damage cornea, causing epithelial defects and vision problems

Front 52

Entropion Etiology

Back 52

Often in older people with aging soft tissue looses elasticity

Front 53

Entropion Treatment

Back 53

Surgery corrects problem

Front 54

Ectropion

Back 54

Lower eyelid everts from eye exposing it to become dry and irritated

Front 55

Ectropion Signs/Symptoms

Back 55

Eversion exposes conjunctival membrane lining of the eyelid. Tears divert away from duct and down cheek. Dryness of eye and tearing.

Front 56

Ectropion Etiology

Back 56

Elderly due to loss of elasticity.

Front 57

Ectropion Treatment

Back 57

Surgery

Front 58

Ectropion Prognosis

Back 58

If not treated can cause development of corneal ulcers and permanent damage to cornea.

Front 59

Corneal Abrasion or Ulcer Signs/Symptoms

Back 59

Pain, redness, tearing.

Front 60

Cataract

Back 60

Opacification of natural lens of eye.

Front 61

Cataract Signs/Symptoms

Back 61

Develop slowly and gradually reduce visual acuity. Deterioration of vision in eye affected, poor night vision, yellowing or fading of colors, loss of brightness of color, need for bright light for reading

Front 62

Cataract Etiology

Back 62

Caused by aging. May be congenital or result of ocular trauma, drug toxicity, or systemic disease (diabetes), long term exposure to sunlight. Have familial occurrence.

Front 63

Cataract Diagnosis

Back 63

Slit lamp exam

Front 64

Cataract Treatment

Back 64

Surgery advised if interfering with lifestyle (phacoemulsification-most common method of removal)

Front 65

Corneal Abrasion or Ulcer Etiology

Back 65

Foreign bodies being trapped b/t cornea and eyelid. Or direct trauma to cornea.

If Abrasion not treated promptly ulcer can develop.

Front 66

Corneal Abrasion or Ulcer Diagnosis

Back 66

Fluorescein makes Abrasions and ulceration detectable. Ulcers show opaque area on cornea that represents infiltrate of immune cells.

Front 67

Corneal Abrasion or Ulcer Treatment

Back 67

Antibiotic ointment to prevent secondary infection, eye dressing to reduce movement of cornea against eyelid. Ulcers need intensive broad spectrum antibiotic therapy immediately.

Front 68

Episcleritis/Scleritis

Back 68

Inflammation of episclera (external surface of sclera)

Inflammation of sclera ( deeper white outermost covering of eyeball)

Episclera more common

Front 69

Episcleritis/Scleritis Signs/Symptoms

Back 69

Episclera usually one eye, redness and irritation in an isolated portion of the eye.

Scleritis affects one or both, intense redness, pain, blurred vision. Inflammation can occur posterior portion of eye, may cause some loss of vision. If untreated, perforation of globe and loss of eye can occur

Front 70

Episcleritis/Scleritis Etiology

Back 70

Scleritis is often associated with autoimmune disorders (rheumatoid arthritis, chrons diseases, or ulcerative colitis)

Episcleritis not associated with other diseases

Front 71

Episcleritis/Scleritis Diagnosis

Back 71

Blood tests may be necessary, ultrasound, MRI, to identify infectious or autoimmune connective tissue disease

Front 72

Episcleritis/Scleritis Treatment

Back 72

Topical steroids eye drops. Artificial tears for pain relief. Perforations sclera (rare) needs scleroplasty (surgery)

Front 73

Macular Degeneration Etiology

Back 73

Degenerative changes in pigment epithelium of retina. Atrophic changes constitute dry macular degeneration (more common type). Presence of fragile hemorrhage prone blood vessels behind macula concert disease to wet form. When vessels break, damage retina, results in loss of central vision.

Front 74

Macular Degeneration Diagnosis

Back 74

Pigment changes and drusen deposits evident in dry MD. Fluroscein angiography detects leakages of abnormal blood vessels in wet.

Front 75

Macular Degeneration Treatment

Back 75

No medical cure. Vitamin supplements (C and E, zinc, beta carotene) can slow moderate dry MD. Laser photo coagulation, photodynamic laser therapy, or injection of antiangiogenic factors for wet.

Front 76

Diabetic Retinopathy

Back 76

Pathological alterations of retinal blood vessels and proliferation of retinal vessels.

Front 77

Diabetic Retinopathy Signs/Symptoms

Back 77

Micro aneurysm, hemorrhage’s, dilation of retinal veins, macular edema, formation of abnormal new vessels (neovascularization). Both eyes, affects sharpness and clarity of vision. Major cause of acquired blindness in US.

Front 78

Diabetic Retinopathy Etiology

Back 78

Uncontrolled diabetes. Diabetes causes poor circulation in retinal blood vessels may cause leakage of blood in vitreous humor reducing vision.

Front 79

Diabetic Retinopathy Treatment

Back 79

Laser photocoagulation for controlling retinopathy. Control blood sugar to prevent vision loss. Virectomy for vitreous hemorrhage or proliferative disease.

Front 80

Retinal Detachment

Back 80

Separation of retina from choroid.

Front 81

Retinal Detachment Signs/Symptoms

Back 81

New floaters, light flashes. If worsen dark shadows that extend from periphery inward. Detachment often sudden with out pain.

Front 82

Retinal Detachment Etiology

Back 82

Associated with diabetic retinopathy. People extremely nearsighted are more susceptible. Usually starts with tear in retina fluid leaks under and separates from choroid. After separation that portion no longer functions visually.

Front 83

Retinal Detachment Treatment

Back 83

Photo coagulation or surgery. Photo coagulation Or cryotherapy used to treat tears.

Front 84

Uveitis

Back 84

Inflammation of uveal tract including iris, ciliary body, choroid

Front 85

Uveitis Signs/Symptoms

Back 85

Pain, photophobia, blurred vision, redness

Front 86

Uveitis Etiology

Back 86

Associated with autoimmune disorders (juvenile RA, ankylosis spondylitis), infections (Syphilis, tuberculosis) often exact cause is undetermined.

Front 87

Uveitis Diagnosis

Back 87

Slit lamp, certain blood test

Front 88

Uveitis Treatment

Back 88

Specific to type of uveitis. Largely topical, steroids for severe cases.

Front 89

Exophthalmos

Back 89

Protrusion of eyeballs.

Front 90

Exophthalmos Signs/Symptoms

Back 90

Exposes large amount of anterior of eye. Dryness, gritty feeling, double vision, eye movement restriction. Vision blurred is severe cases.

Front 91

Exophthalmos Etiology

Back 91

Enlarged extra ocular muscles, retrobulbar mass, edema of soft tissue of bony orbit. Associated with hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism

Front 92

Exophthalmos Treatment

Back 92

Treat underlying disease, surgery for severe cases to decompress the orbit, steroids to treat edema.

Front 93

Glaucoma

Back 93

Damage to optic nerve due to elevated intraocular pressure. One of major causes of blindness. Ciliary body continuously produces aqueous humor.

2 types: chronic open angle, acute closure

Front 94

Glaucoma (chronic open angle) Signs/Symptoms

Back 94

Silent disease, most common form, most treatable cause of blindness. Can be easily caught by yearly eye exam.

Loss of vision

Front 95

Glaucoma (chronic open angle) Etiology

Back 95

Block at the level of the trabecular meshwork impairs aqueous humor reabsorption. Can occur secondary to trauma even years later. Overuse of topical steroids. Family history, diabetes, aging, obesity

Front 96

Glaucoma (chronic open angle) Treatment

Back 96

Treatment essential if not can lead to blindness.

Medication to decrease production of aqueous humor (carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, beta blockers, alpha adrenergic agents) or increase uveoscleral outflow (prostaglandin analogs). Laser treatment (ALT, SLT). Mostly can be controlled with eye drops.

Front 97

Glaucoma (Acute Angle-Closure) Signs/Symptoms

Back 97

Blurred vision, severe eye pain, headaches, redness of eye. Become photophobic sees halos. If severe develop nausea, and vomiting. Can lose vision if untreated

Front 98

Glaucoma (chronic open angle) Etiology

Back 98

Mouth or opening of drainage system is narrow and can close completely causing substantial increase in IOP during short time.

Front 99

Glaucoma (chronic open angle) Diagnosis

Back 99

Special lens called goniolens used to view opening of drainage

Front 100

Glaucoma (chronic open angle) Treatment

Back 100

Laser iridotomy which creates small opening in the iris allowing filtering angle to open.

Front 101

Cancer of the Eye

Back 101

May involve globe, orbit, optic nerve, or eyelid

Front 102

Cancer of the Eye Signs/Symptoms

Back 102

Eyelid tumors present as visual lesions. Ocular melanoma present as growing pigmented spot on iris. Secondary eye tumors usually painful which distinguishes them from primary eye cancer.

Front 103

Cancer of the Eye Etiology

Back 103

Retinoblastoma most common primary malignancy of eye in children due to mutation on chromosome 13. Ocular melanoma (uveal tract) or intraocular lymphoma most common in adults. Eyelid tumors mostly from sun or HPV.

Front 104

Cancer of the Eye Diagnosis

Back 104

Lesions identified by routine eye exam, ultrasound helps make diagnosis. Eyelid tumors diagnosed by biopsy.

Front 105

Cancer of the Eye Treatment

Back 105

Excision of tumor, eyeball removal, radiation therapy, chemo, laser therapy. Treatment of secondary eye cancer rarely improve.

Front 106

Outer Ear

Back 106

Eternal ear (pinna or auricle).

external auditory canal (collects sound waves from air and channels them to tympanic membrane)

Front 107

Middle Ear

Back 107

Receives sound waves from eardrum and relays them along 3 bones to oval window.

Tympanic membrane, 3 ossicles ( malleus, incus, stapes), eustachian tube leads to pharynx, oval window (opening to inner ear).

Front 108

Inner Ear

Back 108

2 membrane lined chambers filled with fluid.

Cochlea: contains tiny hairs that change sound waves in fluid to nerve impulses transmitted to brain via auditory nerve.

Labyrinth: maintains balance. Consists of 3 tubes bent into half circles called semicircular canals. They detect head movements and relay info to brain.

Front 109

Hearing loss

Back 109

Conductive: impairment of eardrum or bones in middle ear

Sensorineural: impairment of cochlea or auditory nerve.

Front 110

Central Deafness

Back 110

CNS can not interpret impulses due to cerebrovascular accident or brain tumor

Front 111

Impacted Cerumen

Back 111

Accumulation of ear wax in canal of outer ear. Ear wax hardens preventing sound waves from reaching eardrum.

Front 112

Impacted Cerumen Signs/Symptoms

Back 112

Feeling of ear being plugged, may experience tinnitus or earache (otalgia). Common for conductive hearing loss.

Front 113

Impacted Cerumen Etiology

Back 113

Dryness and scaling of skin or excessive hair in ear canal. Abnormally narrow ear canal predisposes people to Impacted Cerumen.

Front 114

Impacted Cerumen Treatment

Back 114

Wax softened with oily drops or hydrogen peroxide then irrigated with water. Hearing loss restored.

Front 115

Infective Otitis Externa

Back 115

Inflammation of eternal ear canal

Front 116

Infective Otitis Externa Signs/Symptoms

Back 116

Severe pain, red, swollen ear canal, hearing loss, fever, pruritus. Drainage may be watery or purulent.

Front 117

Infective Otitis Externa Etiology

Back 117

Accumulation of cerumen in ear canal, mixed with water acts as culture for bacteria and fungi. Dermatologic conditions (seborrhea or psoriasis), scratch in ear, frequent use of headphones.

Front 118

Infective Otitis Externa Treatment

Back 118

Ear canal must be kept clean. Antibiotics or steroid drops depending on severity.

Front 119

Infective Otitis Externa Prognosis

Back 119

Positive. Chronic Otitis externa may develop with repeated irritation by headphones, earplugs, hearing aids.

Front 120

Swimmer’s Ear

Back 120

Inflammation resulting infection of outer ear canal after water has been entrapped during swimming.

Front 121

Swimmer’s Ear Signs/Symptoms

Back 121

Severe pain, red swollen ear canal, hearing loss, fever, pruritus. Drainage water or purulent

Front 122

Swimmer’s Ear Etiology

Back 122

Accumulation of cerumen in ear mixed with water acts as culture medium for bacteria and fungi.

Front 123

Swimmer’s Ear Treatment

Back 123

Keep ear dry and clean after swimming. Antibiotics or steroid ear drops depending on severity. Typically recur with subsequent exposure to water.

Front 124

Otitis Media

Back 124

Inflammation of normally air filled middle ear. Accumulation of fluid behind tympanic membrane.

Front 125

Otitis Media Signs/Symptoms

Back 125

Most common by children.

Serous (clear and sterile) or suppurative (purulent) accumulation of fluid.

Serous: feel full, pressure, some degree of hearing impaired.

Suppurative: painful, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, dizziness.

Front 126

Otitis Media Etiology

Back 126

Serous usually virus spread from URI, or from allergic reaction, hypertrophy from adenoids, sinus infection.

Suppurative from bacteria. Follows mumps or influenza.

Front 127

Otitis Media Diagnosis

Back 127

Otoscopy shows fluid filled middle ear. Pearl gray eardrum may be bulging. WBC may be elevated.

Front 128

Otitis Media Treatment

Back 128

Analgesic and decongestant to promote drainage. Oral or topical antibiotics for suppurative. Myringotomy for severe cases (surgical evacuation of fluid)

Front 129

Otosclerosis

Back 129

Abnormal bone growth in middle ear. Primarily affects stapes. Diminishes conduction of sound waves.

Front 130

Otosclerosis Signs/Symptoms

Back 130

Abnormal growth of spongy bone around oval window causing ankylosis. Symptoms: tinnitus, gradual hearing loss of low soft sounds usually affects both ears common in young people before age 35.

Front 131

Otosclerosis Etiology

Back 131

Idiopathic. Familial. Prevalent in women aggravated by pregnancy.

Front 132

Otosclerosis Diagnosis

Back 132

Audiogram.

Front 133

Otosclerosis Treatment

Back 133

Surgery: stapedectomy. Removal of diseased stapes replaced with prosthetic.

Front 134

Menire Disease

Back 134

Chronic disease of middle ear affects labyrinth.

Front 135

Menire Disease Signs/Symptoms

Back 135

Vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, sensation of fullness, pressure in affected ear. Nausea, vomiting, sweating, loss of balance. May be subjected to nystagmus or unusual sensitivity to noise. Usually one ear but can be both.

Front 136

Menire Disease Etiology

Back 136

Unknown. Involves destruction of tiny hair cells inside cochlea.

Front 137

Menire Disease Diagnosis

Back 137

4 core symptoms: Recurrent vertigo, tinnitus, progressive hearing loss, sensation of fullness.

Front 138

Menire Disease Treatment

Back 138

Meds for nausea, salt free diet, restricted water intake, diuretics, meclizine, mild sedatives. Limit caffeine and alcohol, stop smoking, avoid stress. Surgical destruction of affected labyrinth using ultrasound relieves symptoms but causes hearing loss.

Front 139

Menire Disease Prognosis

Back 139

No cure.

Front 140

Macular Degeneration

Back 140

Progressive deterioration or breakdown of macula of the retina.

Front 141

Macular Degeneration Signs/Symptoms

Back 141

Mild distortion of central vision. As progresses see wavy lines instead of straight lines and semi opaque spots. Both eyes affected in most cases. Activities that require sharp vision become impossible (reading)

Age related MD is most common cause of blindness among white people in US.

Front 142

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)

Back 142

Vestibular system disorder. Complains of head spinning

Front 143

Labyrinthitis Treatment

Back 143

Bed rest. Tranquilizer, antibiotics. Antihistamines or corticosteroids. Can be debilitating and easily damaged.

Front 144

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) Etiology

Back 144

Balance equilibrium disorder. Head trauma may be causative factor. Otitis media may be precursor. Free floating carbonate crystals find way to semicircular canals causing vertigo. Viral infection can also be cause

Front 145

Ruptured Tympanic Membrane

Back 145

Any type of tear or injury to eardrum. Result from pressure, force, insult to exterior aspect, increased pressure in middle ear.

Front 146

Ruptured Tympanic Membrane Signs/Symptoms

Back 146

Slight pain, partial loss of hearing, slight discharge or bleeding from ear. Buzzing in ear, facial weakness, dizziness. If infectious drainage is purulent.

Front 147

Ruptured Tympanic Membrane Etiology

Back 147

4 common causes: insertion of sharp object in ear canal, nearby explosion, severe ear infection, blow to ear

Front 148

Ruptured Tympanic Membrane Treatment

Back 148

Antibiotics to prevent infection, patch applied to eardrum to aid healing and improve hearing similar to typanoplasty.

Front 149

Ruptured Tympanic Membrane Prognosis

Back 149

Good after treatment. Eardrum heals naturally in about 1-2 weeks. After eardrum heals hearing loss minimal.

Front 150

Cholesteatoma

Back 150

Pocket of skin cells located in the middle ear, normally shed by eardrum, collects into cyst like mass or ball and becomes infected. Infected material accumulates, bone lining of middle ear erodes, ossicles become damaged.

Front 151

Cholesteatoma Signs/Symptoms

Back 151

Mild to moderate hearing loss. Purulent substance may drain from ear, earache, headache, vertigo, weakness in facial muscle.

Front 152

Cholesteatoma Etiology

Back 152

Begins in infancy, may be a result of chronic ear infection. Eustachian tube from middle ear to pharynx fails to open properly or becomes blocked with material from ear infection. As result weak vacuum develops causing eardrum to be retracted. Forms a pocket allows Cholesteatoma to develop.

Front 153

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) Signs/Symptoms

Back 153

Spinning sensation, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, involuntary eye movement, difficulty standing. Lightheaded, faint feeling.

Front 154

Cholesteatoma Diagnosis

Back 154

Otoscopy, audiometry, CT.

Front 155

Cholesteatoma Treatment

Back 155

If found early before eroding, through cleaning of middle ear cavity. Inflation of Eustachian tube may produce some improvement and treatment with steroids and antibiotics. If advanced surgical reconstruction may be needed. If untreated erode roof of middle ear cavity making development of epidural abscess or meningitis possible

Front 156

Mastoiditis

Back 156

Inflammation of mastoid bone or mastoid process.

Front 157

Mastoiditis Signs/Symptoms

Back 157

Mastoid (behind ear). Pain and occasional edema. Porous or honeycomb appearance. Fever chills, headache, hearing loss. May experience drainage. If profuse drainage likely middle ear evolvement.

Front 158

Mastoiditis Etiology

Back 158

Neglected acute otitis media. Common causative organisms: strep pneumoniae, haemophilus influenza, moraxella catarrahlis.

Front 159

Mastoiditis Treatment

Back 159

Antibiotics or sulfonamide therapy. Simple mastoidectomy if not responding. Radical mastoidectomy if chronic.

Front 160

Mastoiditis Prognosis

Back 160

Variable depending on infection and extent of tissue involvement. Complications include partial or complete hearing loss. May be destruction of mastoid bone, facial paralysis, meningitis. If non responsive could result in epidural abscess or spread of infection to brain.

Front 161

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Back 161

Aka Occupational hearing loss. Sound waves reach inner ear but not perceived bc impulses not transmitted to brain.

Front 162

Sensorineural Hearing Loss Signs/Symptoms

Back 162

I

Front 163

Sensorineural Hearing Loss Etiology

Back 163

Nerve failure or damage to cochlea or auditory nerve. Result of aging, or loud noises or side effects of meds (amino glycosides, loop diuretics, aspirin, antimetabolites). Mumps, syphilis, meningitis, viral infections, trauma to head with temporal bone fracture.

Front 164

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) Etiology

Back 164

Balance equilibrium disorder. Head trauma may be causative factor. Otitis media may be precursor. Free floating carbonate crystals fund way to semicircular canals causing vertigo. Viral infection can also be cause

Front 165

Sensorineural Hearing Loss Treatment

Back 165

Prevent further damage. Reduce noise.

Front 166

Sensorineural Hearing Loss Prognosis

Back 166

Prevention essential. Damage to cochlea is irreversible

Front 167

Cancer of Ear

Back 167

Can be any part of Ear. Skin of external ear, ceruminal gland neoplasm, acoustic and facial neuromas, glomus tumor.

Front 168

Cancer of Ear Signs/Symptoms

Back 168

Progressive hearing loss, chronic optic discharge, visible mass or lesion, loss of equilibrium, tinnitus. Can be painful

Front 169

Cancer of Ear Etiology

Back 169

Acoustic neuroma arises from 8th cranial nerve, facial neuromas arise from facial nerve. Glomus tumor most common of middle ear arise from glomus bodies. Most common malignant tumor of external ear are skin cancer.

Front 170

Cancer of Ear Treatment

Back 170

Excision. Radiation used if aggressive. Nerve graft may be preformed after surgical excision.

Front 171

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) Diagnosis

Back 171

Room spinning, nystagmus, audiogram.

Front 172

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) Treatment

Back 172

Antihistamine (meclizine, Dramamine) anticholinergics, benzodiazepines, for vertigo. Exercise where individual continuously turns head may be helpful.

Front 173

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) Prognosis

Back 173

Benign. Vertigo often resolved itself.

Front 174

Labyrinthitis

Back 174

Inflammation or infection of labyrinth

Front 175

Labyrinthitis Signs/Symptoms

Back 175

Often acute associated with fever with temps of 100 to 101 F. Main symptom vertigo, nausea and vomiting may occur. Tinnitus, difficulty focusing eyes.

Front 176

Labyrinthitis Etiology

Back 176

Results from virus but can be bacterial that has spread from middle ear. May be due to meningitis

Front 177

Labyrinthitis Diagnosis

Back 177

Audiometry, blood, neurologic, caloric, possibly imaging.