Ch. 9 Psychology

Front 1

health psychology

Back 1

area of psychology focusing on how physical activities, psychological traits, and social relationships affect overall health and rate of illness

Front 2

stress

Back 2

the term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging

Front 3

stressors

Back 3

events that cause a stress reaction

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distress

Back 4

the effect of unpleasant and undesirable stressors

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eustress

Back 5

the effect of positive events, or the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being

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catastrophe

Back 6

an unpredictable, largescale event that creates a tremendous need to adapt and adjust as well as overwhelming feelings of threat

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acute stress disorder (ASD)

Back 7

a disorder resulting from exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of anxiety, dissociation, recurring nightmares, sleep disturbances, problems in concentration, and moments in which people seem to "relive" the event in dreams and flashbacks for as long as one month

Front 8

post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Back 8

a disorder resulting from exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of anxiety, nightmares, poor sleep, reliving the event, and concentration problems, lasting for more than one month

Front 9

social readjustment rating scale (SRRS)

Back 9

assessment that measures the amount of stress in a person's life over a one year period resulting from major life events

Front 10

college undergraduate stress scale (CUSS)

Back 10

assessment that measures the amount of stress in a college student's life over a one year period resulting from major life events

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hassles

Back 11

the daily annoyances of everyday life

Front 12

pressure

Back 12

the physiological experience produced by urgent demands or expectations for a person's behavior that come from an outside source

Front 13

frustration

Back 13

the physiological experience produced by the blocking of a desired goal or fulfillment of a perceived need

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aggresssion

Back 14

actions meant to harm or destroy

Front 15

displaced aggression

Back 15

taking out one's frustrations on some less threatening or more available target, a form of displacement

Front 16

displacement

Back 16

physiological defense mechanism in which emotional reactions and behavioral responses are shifted to targets that are more available or less threatening than the original target

Front 17

escape or withdrawal

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leaving the prescence of stressor, either literally or by a psychological withdrawal into fantasy, drug abuse, or apathy

Front 18

approach-approach conflict

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conflict ocurring when a person must choose between two desirable goals

Front 19

avoidance-avoidance conflict

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conflict ocurring when a person must choose between two undesirable goals

Front 20

approach-avoidance conflict

Back 20

conflict ocurring when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative positive

Front 21

double approach avoidance conflict

Back 21

conflict between two goals, with each goal possessing both positive and negative aspects

Front 22

multiple approach-avoidance conflict

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conflict in which the person must decide between more than two goals, with each goal possessing both positive and negative aspects

Front 23

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Back 23

the three stages of the body's physiological reaction to stress, including alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Front 24

natural cell killer

Back 24

immune system cell responsible for suppressing viruses and destroying tumor cells

Front 25

primary appraisal

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the first step in assessing stress, which involves estimating the severity of a stressor and classifying it as either a threat or a challenge

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secondary appraisal

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the second step in assessing a threat, which involves estimating the resources available to the person for coping with the stressor

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type A personality

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person who is ambitious, time conscious, extremely hardworking, and tends to have high levels of hostility and anger as well as being easily annoyed

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type B personality

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person who is relaxed and laid-back, less driven and competitive than type A, and slow to anger

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type C personality

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pleasant but repressed person, who tends to internalize his or her anger and anxiety and who finds expressing emotions difficult

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hardy personality

Back 30

a person who seems to thrive on stress but lacks the anger and hostility of the Type A personality

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optimists

Back 31

people who expect positive outcomes

Front 32

pessimists

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people who expect negative outcomes

Front 33

burnout

Back 33

negative changes in thoughts, emotions, and behavior as a result of prolonged stress or frustration

Front 34

acculturative stress

Back 34

stress resulting from the need to change and adapt a person's way to the majority culture

Front 35

social support system

Back 35

the network of family, friends, neighbors, coworkers, and others who can offer support, comfort, or aid to a person in need

Front 36

coping strategies

Back 36

actions that people can take to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize the effects of stressors

Front 37

problem-focused coping

Back 37

coping strategies that try to eliminate the source of a stress or reduce its impact through direct actions

Front 38

emotion-focused coping

Back 38

coping strategies that change the impact of a stressor by changing the emotional reaction to the stressor

Front 39

psychological defense mechanisms

Back 39

unconscious distortions of a person's perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety

Front 40

meditation

Back 40

mental series of exercises meant to refocus attention and achieve a trancelike state of consciousness

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denial

Back 41

psychological defense mechanism in which the person refuses to acknowledge or recognize a threatening situation

Front 42

repression

Back 42

psychological defense mechanism in which the person refuses to consciously remember a threatening or unaccpetable event, instead pushing those events into unconscious mind

Front 43

rationalization

Back 43

psychological defense mechanism in which a person invents acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior

Front 44

projection

Back 44

psychological defense mechanism in which unacceptable or threatening impulses or feelings are seen as originating with someone else, usually the target of the impulses of feelings

Front 45

reaction formation

Back 45

psychological defense mechanism in which a person forms an opposite emotional or behavioral reaction to the way he or she really feels to keep those true feelings hidden self and others

Front 46

displacement

Back 46

redirecting feelings from a threatening target to a less threatening one

Front 47

regression

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psychological defense mechanism in which a person falls back on childlike patterns of responding in reaction to stressful situations

Front 48

indetification

Back 48

defense mechanism in which a person tries to becomes like someone else to deal with anxiety

Front 49

compensation (substitution)

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defense mechanism in which a person makes up for inferiorities in one area by becoming superior in another area

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sublimation

Back 50

channeling socially unacceptable impulses and urges into socially acceptable behavior

Front 51

concentrative meditation

Back 51

form of meditation in which a person focuses the mind on some repetitive or unchanging stimulus so that the mind can be cleared of disturbing thoughts and the body can experience relaxtion

Front 52

receptive meditation

Back 52

form of meditation in which a person attempts to become aware of everything in immediate conscious experience, or an expansion of consciousness