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139 Cards in this Set
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Nonspecific defense |
Innate immunity |
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Innate immunity does not require _. Protects against_. |
Does not require prior exposure to mount defense Protects against a variety of antigens and pathogens |
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Antigens |
Protiens that cause an immune response Surface protiens on bacteria/virus |
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First line of defense |
Epithelial barriers to entry |
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Epithelial barriers to entry |
Intact skin epidermis Intact mucous membranes |
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Nonspecific cellular and chemical defenses (5) |
Neutrophils Macrophages Natural killer cells (nk cells) Complement Inflammation |
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Specific defenses are also known as |
Adaptive immunity |
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Adaptive immunity exposure effectiveness and protects against |
Second exposure causes more effective response Protects against specific antigens |
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Two types of adaptive immunity |
Cell mediated immunity Antibody mediated immunity |
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Cell mediated immunity involves |
T cells |
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Antibody mediated immunity involves + also known as |
B cells Humoral immunity |
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Cells of the immune system |
Stem cells Leukocytes (WBC) |
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Stem cells are __, are found in, forms ____ by a process called __, ___ determine which __ |
Undifferentiated Red bone marrow Other types of blood cells Hemopoiesis Chemical signals determine which type of cells will be formed |
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Types of leukocytes (6) |
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils/mast cells Lymphocytes Monocytes Macrophages |
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Neutrophils are also called |
PMN or polymorphonuclear cells |
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One of the primary phagocytic cells of immune system |
Neutrophils |
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Neutrophils account for__-__% of all WBC in blood circulation |
60-80 |
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Where are neutrophils formed and stored |
Bone marrow |
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Marrow has in reserve __x the number of neutrophils in circulation |
10x |
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When released into circulation, neutrophils have the half life of |
4-10 hours |
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How are neutrophils attracted to an area and what types of area |
Attracted to inflammation or infection by chemotactic factors |
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Chemotactic factors |
Chemicals that attract immune cells |
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Neutrophils are ___ responders to inflammation and therefore indicators of _ _ |
Early Acute inflammation |
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Neutrophilia |
Increase in circulating neutrophils |
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Left shift + associated with |
Refers to Increase in band cells (immature PMNs) in circulation due to release of immature cells from bone marrow and is associated with acute bacterial infections |
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Neutropenia is a _ + number + makes a person ___ |
Decrease in neutrophils <1000/mm3 Makes a person more susceptible to infections |
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Eosinophils Increase in number during (2) |
Allergic reactions Intestinal parasites |
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Eosinophils account for _-_% WBC in circulation |
1-6 |
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Eosinophils circulate in blood for _(time)_ and then have a half-life of __ in tissue |
About 30 minutes 12 days |
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Basophils and mast cells account for _-_% of WBCs in circulation |
0-2 |
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Basophils are found in ___ and then __. |
Circulation Migrate to tissue to become mast cells |
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How long can mast cells live in tissues |
Months |
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Basophils and mast cells contain ___ receptors allowing them to bind and display ___ antibodies on __ |
IgE IgE Their cell surface |
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Basophils and mast cells contain |
Histamine granules and other vasoactive amines |
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____ of basophils/mast cells initiates inflammatory response |
Degranulation |
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Monocytes and macrophages are part of __ __ system, also known as __ system |
Mononuclear phagocyte Reticuloendothelial |
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Monocytes account for _% of WBCs in circulation |
5% |
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Monocytes ___ __ __ forming __ |
Migrate into tissue Macrophages |
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Macrophages can survive for __ or __ and can __. |
Months or years Migrate in and out of tissues |
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Monocytes and macrophages are powerful __ capable of __ __ __ |
Phagocytes Phagocytizing many bacteria |
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Monocytes and macrophages can __ and may ___ at immune site |
Divide Proliferate |
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Monocytes and macrophages are important regulator of __ __ and are predominant cell in __ __ |
Immune system Chronic inflammation |
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Macrophages are covered with a variety of receptors that enable them to __ or to __ |
Locate antigens that have been coated with antibodies Identify bacteria directly |
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Macrophages are important in promoting __ and controlling ___ __ __ by ___ |
Inflammation Activity of WBCs Secreting a variety of cytokines |
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Macrophages secrete a number of __ ___ important for __ __ |
Protien enzymes Wound healing |
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Some protien enzymes secreted by macrophages __ __ while others __ __ __ |
Breakdown tissue Stimulate new growth |
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Monocytes and macrophages serve as __ __ __ (_) by phagocytizing ___ and then __ ___ to _-cells |
Antigen presenting cells (APC) Antigens Producing antigens to T-cells |
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Dendritic cells are formed from + function |
Monocytes and macrophages Antigen presenting cells found throughout the body in subcutaneous and submucosal tissues |
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Lymphocytes account for _% of total WBCs in circulation |
20 |
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Lifespan of lymphocytes |
Can be years |
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Three types of lymphocytes |
T-cells B-cells NK cells |
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B-cells are part of __ __ immunity |
Antibody Mediated |
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T-cells are appart of __ __ immunity |
Cell mediated |
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NK cells are part of __ immunity |
Innate |
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NK cells can kill __ or __, ___ prior exposure |
Tumor cells Virus infected cells Without |
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NK cells attack cells that do not display __ ___ _ markers |
Normal MHC 1 |
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Chemical mediators of immune function (3) |
Complement Kinins Cytokines |
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Complement are ___ to inflammation and specific defense responses |
Enhancers |
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Complement consist of |
A group of more than 20 different plasma protiens |
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Most complement protiens are synthesized by the __ and __ in inactive form |
Liver Circulate |
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Complement protiens are activated by (4) |
Antibody/antigen complex Bacterial cell membrane Denatured DNA Endotoxins |
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When complements are activated |
A Cascade reaction occurs, one compliment protien activates another, that actives another etc. (Domino effect) |
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Actions of complement (5) |
°lysis: breaks down cells by poking holes in cell membrane °opsonization: coats the microbe or cell, which increases Phagocytosis of the microbe by PNMs and macrophages °chemotaxis: attracts PNMs and macrophages °increases vascular permeability °triggers release of inflammatory substances causes release of histamine from mast cells |
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Kinins are a |
Group of polypeptides that are powerful Vasodilators |
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Kinins include |
Bradykinin and kallidin |
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Kinins activate during |
Inflammatory process |
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Kinins are linked to __ __ and become activated with activation of __ |
Clotting system Clotting |
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Activated kinins cause (3) |
Increased vessel permeability, vasodialation and trigger pain receptors |
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Cytokines are |
Polypeptides that function as signals between immune cells |
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Cytokines work like |
Hormones of the immune system |
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The main source of cytokines are __ and __ |
T-cells Macrophages |
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Adaptive immunity responds to __ __ and ___ __ and __ __ of the encounter so that even more __ ___ will occur after __ __. |
Specific antigens Destroys them and retains memory of the encounter so that even more effective defense (adaptive) will occurs after future exposure |
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Adaptive immunity must be able to distinguish between |
Self and nonself |
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Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) determined by |
Genes from chromosomes 6 |
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Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protiens made by these genes are __ and __ |
Displayed on the surface of body cells Mark themselves as "self" |
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Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are the same on __ but different from _ |
Every cell in a person Person to person |
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Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are an important consideration for __ __ because you must have MHC ___ ___ or __ __ __ __ |
Tissue transplant Histocompatibility match Graft rejection will occur |
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MHC class I are the |
Glycoproteins found on surface of almost all body celss |
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The MHC I marked protiens are combined with __ __ ___ that come from ___________ or from _________ |
Intracellular peptide fragments Degredation of intracellular protiens Intracellular pathogens such as viruses |
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A cell that displays abnormal protiens with the MHC I will be ____ by ______ |
Attacked by cytotoxic T lymphocytes |
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Cytotoxic T cells will only kill |
An infected cells that has been marked |
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MHC class II are found |
Only only on certain cells: B- cells and antigen-presenting cells |
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Antigen-presenting cells |
Macrophages and dendritic cells |
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The MHC II marker protiens are used to |
Display extracellular antigens |
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The MHC II binds to __ __ after ___ by the ___ |
Extracellular antigens Phagocytosis APC |
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The MHC II protien with the antigen is then |
Displayed on the surface of the cell for recognition by the helper T-cells |
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The MHC II markers do not stimulate |
Cytotoxic T-cells |
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Cell-mediated immunity involves |
T-cells |
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T-cells differentiate and mature in the |
Thymus |
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Each T-cell has a unique receptor on its surface that can recognize |
Only one specific antigen |
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When a T cell is exposed to an antigen to which it recognizes, the T-cell can ___ and produce ____ __ ___, all of which can __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ |
Clone (divide) Numerous T-cells Recognize and respond to that same antigen |
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Types of T-cells (3) |
Helper T-cells Cytotoxic T-cells Memory T-cells |
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Helper T-cells recognize __ |
Antigens that have been processed and presented to them by the APC on the MHC II |
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Th cells have ___ receptors |
MHC II |
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Actived TH secrete __ that __ |
Cytokines Call B-cells and other inflammatory cells to area and stimulate B-cell to produce Antibodies |
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You must have TH cells activated for immune system to be |
Effective |
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CD4 |
Helper T-cells |
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CD8 |
Cytotoxic T-cells |
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Cytotoxic T-cells have receptors for |
MHC class I molecules |
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A cell that displays an antigen to which the CD8 cell can recognize can be |
Lysed by CD8 cell |
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CD8 cells realease __ which __ |
Perforin protien Pokes a hole in target cell |
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Cytotoxic T cells are the cells that are giving you protection during ___ by __ |
Cell mediated immunity Lysing any cell that has marked itself with an appropriate antigen on the MHC I marker |
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Memory T cells are __ that remain __ |
Long-lived CD8 cells Sensitized to one specific antigen |
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When memory T-cells are re-exposed to same antigen |
They rapidly clone to provide more T-cells |
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Antibody-mediated immunity ivolves |
B-cells |
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B-cells differentiate and mature in |
Bone marrow |
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B-Cells aggregate in __ and __ after they mature |
Lymph nodes and spleen |
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Two types of b-cell |
Plasma cell Memory B-cell |
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The specific type of B-cell that makes and secretes antibodies |
Plasma cell |
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Each plasma cell produces |
An antibody specific to only one antigen |
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Immunoglobulins |
Antibodies |
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Antibodies are |
Protiens made by plasma cells |
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Types of immunoglobulins |
IgG Igm IgA IgE |
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Most common type of all antibody |
IgG |
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IgG make up __-__% of antibodies |
75-80 |
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Half life of IgG |
3 weeks |
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Smallest antibody and therefore the easiest to escape into the blood |
IgG |
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IgM are found mostly in |
Blood |
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Half life of IgM |
5 days |
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Main Ig on B-cell surface |
IgM |
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Main antibody found in external mucous secretions |
IgA |
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IgA is found in |
Tears saliva Bronchial secretions Colostrum Milk GI Genitourinary secretions |
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Half-life of IgA |
6 days |
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Found on the surface of basophils and mast cells |
IgE |
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Responsible for initiating inflammation and allergic reactions |
IgE |
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Antibody actions (4) |
Antitoxin Antiviral Activate complement system Opsonization |
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Antibody actions; antitoxins ___ by binding to bacterial toxins, prevent __ and allows __ |
Neutralize Binding of toxin to cells Allows toxin to be phagocytized |
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Antibody actions; antiviral (2) |
Prevent virus from binding to cell Binds to virus causing agglutination |
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Antibody actions; activate complement system |
Causes lysis of cell |
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Antibody action; Opsonization |
Coats antigen so that macrophages will recognize and engulf |
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Passive immunity |
Antibodies come from an outside source Person is not exposed to the antigen |
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Natural passive |
IgA from colostrum or breast milk IgG from placenta |
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Artificial Passive + examples |
Gamma (immune) globulin injection Antibodies for hepatitis B, rabies, tenanus antitoxin |
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Active immunity |
The body's own immune system produces antibodies and cell mediated response after exposure to antigen |
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Natural Active |
Antigen encountered from everyday contact from environment or infected person |
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Artificial active |
Vaccination |
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Types of antibody responses |
Primary Secondary |
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Primary antibody response +response speed + level of protection + duration |
When exposed to an antigen for the first time Slow response Low level of protection Lasts for short period of time |
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Secondary antibody response +response speed + level of protection + duration + due to formation of ___ during ___ |
When exposed to an antigen for the second time Quick response High level of protection Long lasting Due to formation of memory cells during primary response |
