Ch 8

Front 1

A joint is also called an ____________ or ____________.

Back 1

- articulation
- arthorosis

Front 2

What is a joint?

Back 2

- point of contact between...
1. bone and bones
2. bones and cartilage
3. bone and teeth

Front 3

What are the two general ways joints are classified?

Back 3

- structurally: based on their anatomical characteristics

- functionally: based on the type of movement they permit

Front 4

What are the two criteria for the structural classifications of joints?

Back 4

1. the presence or absence of a synovial cavity (space b/w two articulating bones)

2. type of connective tissue that binds the bones together

Front 5

What are the 3 structural classifications for joints?

Back 5

1. fibrous joints
2. cartliagenous joints
3. synovial joints

Front 6

What is the criteria for the functional classifications of joints?

Back 6

- relates to the degree of movement they permit

Front 7

What are the 3 functional classifications of joints?

Back 7

1. synarthrosis
2. amphiarthrosis
3. diarthrosis

Front 8

Fibrous Joints

Back 8

- structural classification
- no synovial cavity
- bones held together by fibrous connective tissue (rich in collagen fibers)
- permit little or no movement
- 3 types: sutures, syndemoses, gomphoses

Front 9

Cartliagenous Joints

Back 9

- structural classification
- no synovial cavity
- bones are held together by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
- permit little or no movement
- 2 types: synchondroses, symphyses

Front 10

Synovial Joints

Back 10

- structural classification
- freely moveable (diarthroses)
- have a synovial cavity & synovial fluid
- articular capsule (dense irregular tissue)
- often accessory ligaments & articular discs
- thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering bones @ the joint

Front 11

Synarthorsis

(syn-arthosis)

Back 11

- functional classification
- immovable joint

Front 12

Amphiarthrosis

(am-phi-arthrosis)

Back 12

- functional classification
- slightly moveable joint

Front 13

Diarthrosis

(diar-thro-sis)

Back 13

- functional classification
- freely movable joint
- all diathrosis are synovial joints
- variety of shapes (permit several diff. kinds of motion)

Front 14

Sutures

Back 14

- fibrous joint ( synarthrosis)
- composed of thing layer of dense fibrous connective tissue
- only occur b/w the bones of the skull
- irregular interlocking edges give strength
- some sutures present in a child are replaced by bone in an adult

Front 15

Syndesmoses

(syn-des-moses)

Back 15

- fibrous joint (amphiarthrosis)
- greater distance b/w articulating bones & more fibrous connective than a suture
- e.g. distal tibiofibular joint

Front 16

Gomphoses

(gom-pho-ses)

Back 16

- fibrous joint (synarthrosis)
- cone-shaped peg fits into socket
- e.g. teeth articulating w/ alveolar sockets of maxilla & mandible

Front 17

Synchondrosis

(syn-chon-dro-sis)

Back 17

- cartilaginous joint (synarthrosis)
- connecting material is hyaline cartilage
- e.g. epiphyseal plate

Front 18

Symphysis

Back 18

- cartilaginous joint (amphiarthrosis)
- ends of articulating bones are covered by hyaline cartilage
- however, broad/flat disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones
- all symphysis occur in the midline of the body
- e.g. intervertebral discs & symphysis pubis

Front 19

Synovial Cavity

Back 19

- synovial joint
- fluid filled
- allows freedom of movement

Front 20

Articular Capsule (definition)

Back 20

- synovial joint
- sleeve-like capsule surrounds joint
- encloses synovial cavity
- unites articulating bones
- composed of two layers: outer fibrous layer & inner synovial membrane

Front 21

Outer Fibrous Layer of Articular Capsule

Back 21

- dense irregular connective tissue (mostly collagen)
- attaches to the periosteum of the articulating bones
- great tensile strength
- flexible

Front 22

Inner Synovial Membrane

Back 22

- aerolar connective tissue
- variable amounts of fat
- secretes synovial fluid

Front 23

Synovial Fluid Definition

Back 23

- a viscous, clear or pale yellow fluid
- hyaluronic acid (secreted by fibroblast-like cells)
- interstitial fluid (filtered by blood plasma)

Front 24

Synovial Fluid Functions

Back 24

1. Reducing friction
2. Supplying O2 and nutrients
3. Removing CO2 and other wastes
4. Phagocytic cells remove microbes & debris of normal wear and tear

Front 25

How do many synovial joints improve stability?

Back 25

- accessory ligaments (e.g. ACL and PCL of knee)
- articular discs or menisci (pads of cartilage)

- sprain tears ligaments without dislocating bone

Front 26

Is there nerve and blood supply in a joint?

Back 26

YES

Front 27

Bursae & Tendon Sheaths

Back 27

- bursae: fluid filled sacs
- tendon sheaths: tube like bursae in the tendons of some muscles

- help reduce friction

Front 28

Gliding Movement @ Synovial Joints

Back 28

- simple movement
- flat bone surfaces
- move back and forth
- move side to side

e.g. intercarpal & intertaral joints

Front 29

Angular Movement @ Synovial Joints (7)

Back 29

- increase or decrease in the angle b/w articulating bones
1. flexion (decrease in angle)
2. extension (increase in angle)
3. lateral extension/flexion (bend waist left/right)
4. hyperextension (extend beyond anatomical position)
5. abduction (away from midline)
6. adduction (toward midline)
7. circumduction (distal end in circle)

Front 30

Rotation @ Synovial Joints

Back 30

- bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis
- e.g. turning your head "no"

Front 31

Special Movements @ Synovial Joints

Back 31

- occur only at certain joints

Front 32

What are the 6 categories of synovial joints?

Back 32

1. planar
2. hinge
3. pivot
4. condyloid
5. saddle
6. ball-and-socket

Front 33

Planar Synovial Joints

Back 33

- flat or slightly curved articulating surfaces
- permit gliding movement
- e.g. intercarpal joints of the wrist bones (carpals)

Front 34

Hinge Synovial Joints

Back 34

- convex surface fits into concave surface
- permit only flexion & extension (monoaxial)
- e.g. knee, elbow, ankle, and interphalangeal joints

Front 35

Pivot Synovial Joints

Back 35

- rounded/pointed surface with ring formed by bone & ligament
- supination and pronation
- e.g. radioulnar joint

Front 36

Condyloid Synovial Joints

Back 36

- convex oval-shaped projection fits into oval-shaped depression
- flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, & circumduction (biaxial)
- e.g. wrist

Front 37

Saddle Synovial Joints

Back 37

- bone surface fits into saddle-shaped surface
- flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, & circumduction (biaxial)
- e.g. carpometacarpal joint (b/w trapezium and 1st metacarpal)

Front 38

Ball-in-socket Synovial Joint

Back 38

- ball like surface into cup-like depression
- multiaxial
- permit flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, & rotation
- e.g. pelvic and shoulder girdles

Front 39

Rand of Motion (ROM)

Back 39

- articular surfaces determine the type and ROM that is possible
- refers to the range expressed in degrees of a circle through which the bones of a joint can be moved

Front 40

6 Factors Affecting ROM

Back 40

1. Structure/shape of articulating bones
2. Strength and tension of joint ligaments
3. Arrangement & tension of muscles
4. Contact of soft parts (biceps getting in way)
5. Hormones (joint flexibility - relaxin)
6. Disuse (decrease syn. fluid, diminish flexibility of ligaments and tendons, cause muscular dystrophy)

Front 41

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) - what bone markings?

Back 41

- condylar process (mandible)
- mandibular fossa (temporal bone)
- articular tubercle (temporal bone)

* only moveable joint b/w skull bones

Front 42

Name the 5 parts of the TMJ

Back 42

1. Articular disc (meniscus)
2. Articular capsule
3. Lateral ligament
4. Sphenomandiublar Ligament
5. Stylomandibular ligament

Front 43

Articular disc (menisci) of TMJ

Back 43

- a fibrocartilage disc
- separates joint cavity into superior & inferior compartments
- each w/ a synovial membrane

Front 44

Articular capsule of TMJ

Back 44

- fairly loose envelope
- surrounds the circumference of the joint

Front 45

Lateral Ligament of TMJ

Back 45

- 2 short bands on lateral surface of joint
- extend posteriorly and inferiorly from the zygomatic process to the lateral and posterior neck of the mandible
- covered by the parotid gland

Front 46

Sphenomandibular Ligament of TMJ

Back 46

- thin band
- extends inferiorly and anteriorly from spine of sphenoid to ramus of mandible

Front 47

Stylomandibular Ligament of TMJ

Back 47

- thick band
- extends from styloid process of temporal bone to inferior and posterior border of ramus of the mandible
- separates the parotid gland from submandibular gland

Front 48

What are 3 common joint injuries?

Back 48

1. cartilage injurie (knee - contact sports; excessive compression & stress)

2. sprains (stretching/tearing of ligaments - poorly vascularized; healing is slow)

3. dislocations (displacement of articular surfaces - must be reduced/realigned)

Front 49

Name the 6 Inflammation & Degenerative Conditions of Joints

Back 49

1. bursitis and tendonitis
2. arthritis
3. osteoarthritis
4. rheumatoid arthritis
5. gouty arthritis
6. lyme disease

Front 50

Bursitis and tendonitis

Back 50

- inflammations of a bursa and a tendon sheath, respectively

Front 51

Arthritis

Back 51

- joint inflammation or degeneration
- accompanied by stiffness, pain, and swelling
- acute forms generally result from bacterial infection
- chronic forms include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis

Front 52

Osteoarthritis

Back 52

- degenerative condition
- most common in the aged
- weight bearing joints are most affected

Front 53

Rheumatoid arthritis

Back 53

- most crippling arthritis
- autoimmune disease
- severe inflammation

Front 54

Gouty arthritis

Back 54

- joint inflammation
- caused by deposit of urate salt in soft joint tissues

Front 55

Lyme Disease

Back 55

- infectious disease
- bite of tick
- spirochete bacteria

Front 56

Joints form from ____________ and in tandeum with __________ ________________ in an ____________.

Back 56

- mesenchyme
- bone development
- embryo

Front 57

Excluding traumatic injury, joints usually function well until late middle age (connective tissue stiffening/osteoarthritis). _____________ exercise delays these effects, whereas ________________ exercise promotes the early onset of arthritis.

Back 57

- prudent
- excessive