Ch 6 Vocabulary

Front 1

articular cartilage

Back 1

thin layer of cartilage covering an epiphysis; reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber

Front 2

articulation

Back 2

where two bone surfaces meet

Front 3

bone

Back 3

hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton

Front 4

canaliculi

Back 4

channels within the bone matrix that house one of an osteocyte's many cytoplasmic extensions that it uses to communicate and receive nutrients

Front 5

cartilage

Back 5

semi-rigid connective tissue found on the skeleton in areas where flexibility and smooth surfaces support movement

Front 6

central canal

Back 6

longitudinal channel in the center of each osteon; contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels; also known as the Haversian canal

Front 7

closed reduction

Back 7

manual manipulation of a broken bone to set it into its natural position without surgery

Front 8

compact bone

Back 8

dense osseous tissue that can withstand compressive forces

Front 9

diaphysis

Back 9

tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of a long bone

Front 10

diploe

Back 10

layer of spongy bone, that is sandwiched between two the layers of compact bone found in flat bones

Front 11

endochondral ossification

Back 11

process in which bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

Front 12

endosteum

Back 12

delicate membranous lining of a bone's medullary cavity

Front 13

epiphyseal line

Back 13

completely ossified remnant of the epiphyseal plate

Front 14

epiphyseal plate

Back 14

sheet of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of an immature bone; replaced by bone tissue as the organ grows in length

Front 15

epiphysis

Back 15

wide section at each end of a long bone; filled with spongy bone and red marrow

Front 16

external callus

Back 16

collar of hyaline cartilage and bone that forms around the outside of a fracture

Front 17

flat bone

Back 17

thin and curved bone; serves as a point of attachment for muscles and protects internal organs

Front 18

fracture

Back 18

broken bone

Front 19

fracture hematoma

Back 19

blood clot that forms at the site of a broken bone

Front 20

hematopoiesis

Back 20

production of blood cells, which occurs in the red marrow of the bones

Front 21

hole

Back 21

opening or depression in a bone

Front 22

hypercalcemia

Back 22

condition characterized by abnormally high levels of calcium

Front 23

hypocalcemia

Back 23

condition characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium

Front 24

internal callus

Back 24

fibrocartilaginous matrix, in the endosteal region, between the two ends of a broken bone

Front 25

intramembranous ossification

Back 25

process by which bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue

Front 26

irregular bone

Back 26

bone of complex shape; protects internal organs from compressive forces

Front 27

lacunae

Back 27

spaces in a bone that house an osteocyte

Front 28

long bone

Back 28

cylinder shaped bone that is longer than it is wide; functions as a lever

Front 29

medullary cavity

Back 29

hollow region of the diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow

Front 30

modeling

Back 30

process, during bone growth, by which bone is resorbed on one surface of a bone and deposited on another

Front 31

nutrient foramen

Back 31

small opening in the middle of the external surface of the diaphysis, through which an artery enters the bone to provide nourishment

Front 32

open reduction

Back 32

surgical exposure of a bone to reset a fracture

Front 33

orthopedist

Back 33

doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating musculoskeletal disorders and injuries

Front 34

osseous tissue

Back 34

bone tissue; a hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton

Front 35

ossification

Back 35

bone formation

Front 36

ossification center

Back 36

cluster of osteoblasts foudn in the early stages of intramembranous ossification

Front 37

osteoblast

Back 37

cell responsible for forming new bone

Front 38

osteoclast

Back 38

cell responsible for resorbing bone

Front 39

osteocyte

Back 39

primary cell in mature bone; responsible for maintaining the matrix

Front 40

osteogenic cell

Back 40

undifferentiated cell with high mitotic activity; the only bone cells that divide; they differentiate and develop into osteoblasts

Front 41

osteoid

Back 41

uncalcified bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts

Front 42

osteon

Back 42

basic structural unit of compact bone; made of concentric layers of calcified matrix

Front 43

osteoporosis

Back 43

disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass; occurs when the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation, a common occurrence as the body ages

Front 44

perforating canal

Back 44

channel that branches off from the central canal and houses vessels and nerves that extend to the periosteum and endosteum

Front 45

perichondrium

Back 45

membrane that covers cartilage

Front 46

periosteum

Back 46

fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone and continuous with ligaments

Front 47

primary ossification center

Back 47

region, deep in the periosteal collar, where bone development starts during endochondral ossification

Front 48

projection

Back 48

bone markings where part of the surface sticks out above the rest of the surface, where tendons and ligaments attach

Front 49

proliferative zone

Back 49

region of the epiphyseal plate that makes new chondrocytes to replace those that die at the diaphyseal end of the plate and contributes to longitudinal growth of the epiphyseal plate

Front 50

red marrow

Back 50

connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone wehre hematopoiesis takes place

Front 51

remodeling

Back 51

process by which osteoclasts resorb old or damaged bone at the same time as and on the same surface where osteoblasts form new bone to replace that which is resorbed

Front 52

reserve zone

Back 52

region of the epiphyseal plate that anchors the plate to the osseous tissue of the epiphysis