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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Adrenal glands
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-situated on top of kidneys
-consists of adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla -during stress, ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids |
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Glucocorticoids
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-such as cortisol and cortisone
-for glucose regulation & protein metabolism |
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Mineralocorticoids
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ex aldosterone
-regulate plasma levels of sodium and potassium & extracellular water volume |
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Cortical sex hormones
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-secrete androgens mainly in males
-in females excessive production leads to masculinizing effects |
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Adrenal medulla
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-produces epinephrine(adrenaline) & norepinephrine(noradrenaline) raising heartbeat
-these hormones are neurotransmitters |
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Epinephrine
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-increase conversion of glycogen to glucose in liver and muscle tissue
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Pituitary
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-hypophysis
-small tri-lobed glad located at base of brain -anterior and posterior lobe function distinctly -intermediate lobe doesn't do anything |
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Anterior pituitary
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-direct hormones which directly stimulate target organs
-tropic hormones which stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones |
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Direct Hormones
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-Growth hormone(somatotropin): promotes bone and muscle growth
-Prolactin: stimulates milk production & secretion in female mammary glands |
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Acromegaly
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disorder by disproportionate overgrowth of bone
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Tropic Hormones
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-Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): stimulates adrenal cortex to synthesize & secrete glucocorticoids & regulated by CRF
-Thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH): releases thyroxin -Luteinizing hormone(LH): in females stimulates ovulation & formation of corpus luteum; in males stimulate synthesis of testosterone -follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH): in females for maturation of ovarian follicles, lead to secreting estrogen; in males, maturation of seminiferous tubules and sperm production -Melanocyte-stimulating hormone(MSH): secreted by intermediate lobe of pituitary for pigmentation |
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Hormones in Anterior Pituitary
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FLAT PIG
FSH LH ACTH TSH Prolactin GH |
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Posterior Pituitary
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-neurohypophysis
-don't synthesize hormones but stores and releases peptide hormones oxytocin and ADH, produced by hypothalamus |
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Oxycontin
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-increases strength and frequency of uterine muscle contractions
-induced by suckling -stimulates milk production |
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Antidiuretic hormone(ADH)
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-vasopressin
-promotes water reabsorption & increase blood volume |
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Hypothalamus
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-part of forebrain
-located above pituitary gland |
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Interactions of hypothalamus with anterior pituitary gland
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-GnRH stimulate anterior pituitary gland to secrete FSH and LH
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Interactions of hypothalamus with posterior pituitary gland
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synthesize oxycontin and ADH to transport to posterior pituitary for storage and secretion
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Thyroid
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-bi-lobed structure on ventral surface of trachea
-secretes thyroxin, triiothyronine, and calcitonin |
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Pancreas
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-both exocrine(secrete digestive enzymes) and endocrine(function by islets of Langerhans) organ
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Islets of langerhans
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-composed of alpha and beta cells
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Alpha cells of islets of langerhans
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produce and secrete glucagon that increases plasma glucose
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Beta cells of islets of langerhans
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produce and secrete insulin that decreases plasma glucose
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Parathyroid glands
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-four, small pea shaped structures in posterior surface of thyroid
-PTH regulates plasma Ca2+ concentration |
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Kidneys
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produce renin for converting plasma protein to secrete aldosterone
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Gastrointestinal hormones
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-Gastrin: secretes HCL in response to food in stomach
-Secretin: secreted by small intestine when acidic food enters stomach and stimulates secretion of bicarbonate solution from pancreas -Cholecytokinin released from small intestine in presence of fat causing contraction of gallbladder to release bile, digesting fat |
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Pineal Gland
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tiny structure at base of brain that secretes melatonin which plays role in circadian rhythms
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Peptide hormones
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ex ADH to insulin
-surface receptors acting as secondary messengers |
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Steroid hormones
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ex. estrogen and aldosterone
-intracellular receptors -hormone/receptor binding to DNA promoting transcription of genes |
