Ch. 6 A And P

Front 1

Skeletal cartilage

Back 1

avascular tissue

Front 2

All skeletal cartilage contains

Back 2

chondrocytes in laminate and extracellular matrix

Front 3

Hyaline Cartilage

Back 3

provides support flexibilIty, resilience. collagen fibers only; most abundant type

Front 4

Elastic cartilage

Back 4

similar to hyaline cartilage but contains elastic fibers.

Front 5

Fibrocartilage

Back 5

Thick collagen fibers has great tensile strength.

Front 6

Appositional growth

Back 6

Cells secrete matrix against external face of existing cartilage.

Front 7

Interstitial growth

Back 7

Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix. Expanding cartilage from within.

Front 8

Axial skeleton

Back 8

Long axis of body skull vertebral column rib cage

Front 9

Appendicular skeleton

Back 9

Bones of upper and lower limbs girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton

Front 10

Function of Bones

Back 10

Support, protection , movement

Front 11

Hematopoiesis

Back 11

Blood cell formation in marrow cavities of certain bones.

Front 12

Osteocalcin

Back 12

Hormone production. Regulate bone formation and protects against obesity glucose intolerance diabetes mellitus

Front 13

Bones (organ) tissues

Back 13

Osseous tissue nervous tissue cartilage fibrous connective tissue muscle and epithelial cells and its blood vessels

Front 14

Three levels of structure

Back 14

Gross anatomy microscopic chemical

Front 15

Compact

Back 15

Dense outer layer smooth and solid

Front 16

Spongy (cancellous or trabecular)

Back 16

Honeycomb of flat pieces of bones deep to compact called trabeculae

Front 17

Periosteum

Back 17

Two distinct regions (fibrous and osteogenic) grow on the outside of the bone muscle and tendon attachment to this area.

Front 18

Sharpeys Fibers

Back 18

anchors the periosteum to bone.

Front 19

spongy bone houses

Back 19

Red bone marrow

Front 20

Articular cartilage a.k.a.

Back 20

Hyaline Cartilage.

Front 21

Diaphysis

Back 21

Tubular shaft forms long axis compact bone surrounding medullary cavity

Front 22

Epiphyses

Back 22

Bone ends external compact ,internal spongy bone ,articular cartilage covers articular surfaces Between is epiphysial line.

Front 23

Medullary cavity lined by

Back 23

endosteum

Front 24

Endostium

Back 24

delicate connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surface covers trabeculae of spongy bone. lines canals that pass through compact bone (medullary cavity) contains osteogenic cells

Front 25

Osteogenic cells

Back 25

differentiate into other cells.

Front 26

Red marrow

Back 26

found within trabecular cavities of spongy bone and diploe of flat bones.

Front 27

osteoblast

Back 27

form bone

Front 28

osteocytes

Back 28

maintain bone

Front 29

osteoclast

Back 29

breakdown bone

Front 30

compact bone aka

Back 30

lamellar bone

Front 31

osteon or haversian system

Back 31

structural unit of compact bone.

Front 32

lamellae

Back 32

hollow tubes of bone matrix

Front 33

central (haversian) system runs through

Back 33

core of osteon. contains blood vessels and nerve fibers.

Front 34

perforating (volkmann's) canals

Back 34

canals lined with endosteum at right angles to central canal. Connect blood vessels and nerves of periosteum, medullary cavity, and central canal.

Front 35

lacunae

Back 35

small cavities that contain onsteocytes

Front 36

canaliculi

Back 36

hair like canals that connect lacunae to each other and central canal.

Front 37

osteoid

Back 37

1/3 of organic bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts. (proteoglycans and glycoprotein) collagen Fibers strength.

Front 38

Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts)

Back 38

65% of bone mass. made of calcium salts. responsible for hardness.

Front 39

ossification (osteogenesis)

Back 39

process of bone tissue formation

Front 40

endochondral ossification

Back 40

bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage. forms most of skeleton

Front 41

intramembraneous ossification

Back 41

Bone develops from fibrous tissue connective tissue. bones called membrane bones. (flat, clavicle, and cranial)

Front 42

parathyroid hormone (pth)

Back 42

produced by parathyroid glands. Removes calcium from bone regardless of bone integrity

Front 43

calcitonin

Back 43

produced by parafollicular cells ofb thyroid. in high doses lowers blood calcium levels temporarily.

Front 44

Hyperexcitability

Back 44

calcium levels too low

Front 45

Nonresponsiveness

Back 45

calcium levels too high

Front 46

Leptin

Back 46

Hormone released by adipose tissue. Role in bone density regulation. Inhibits osteoblast in animals

Front 47

Seratonin

Back 47

Neurotransmitter regulating mood and sleep. Most made in gut. Secreted into blood after eating. interfers with osteoblast activity.

Front 48

Nondisplaced fracture

Back 48

end retains normal position

Front 49

Displaced

Back 49

End is out of normal alignment

Front 50

complete

Back 50

Broken all the way through

Front 51

incomplete

Back 51

Not broken all the way through

Front 52

open

Back 52

Skin is penetrated

Front 53

closed

Back 53

skin is not penetrated

Front 54

Osteomalacia (adults)

Back 54

Bones poorly mineralized. calcium salts not adequate. soft weak bones. pain upon bearing weight. lack of vitamin d

Front 55

Rickets (osteomalacia of children)

Back 55

Bowed legs and other bone deformities. Bones ends enlarged an abnormally long. Vitamin d deficiency or dietary calcium.

Front 56

Osteoporosis

Back 56

Bone resorption outpaces deposits. Spongy bone of spine and neck of femur most susceptible. Vertebral and hip fractures common

Front 57

pagets disease

Back 57

Excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption. bone made fast but poorly. Treatments are calcitonin increase quality biphosphonates.

Front 58

Treating osteoporosis

Back 58

calcium vitamin d weight bearing exercises hormone replacement therapy