Ch. 6

Front 1

Memory

Back 1

The mental processes that enables us to retain and use information over time.

Front 2

Encoding

Back 2

The process of transforming information into a form that can be entered into and retained by the memory system.

Front 3

Storage

Back 3

The process of retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time.

Front 4

Retrieval

Back 4

The process of recovering information in memory so that we are conciously aware of it.

Front 5

Stage Model of Memory

Back 5

A model describing memory as consisting of three distinct stages; sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Front 6

Sensory Memory

Back 6

The stage of memory that registers information from the environment and hold it for a very brief period of time.

Front 7

Short-Term Memory

Back 7

The act of stage of memory where memory is stored for about 20 seconds.

Front 8

Long-Term Memory

Back 8

The stage of memory that represents the long term storage of information.

Front 9

George Sperling

Back 9

Psychologist that first viewed characteristics of visual sensory memory, and experimented with 12 numbers in different rows.

Front 10

Maintenance Rehearsal

Back 10

The mental or verbal repetition of information in order to maintain it longer than the 20 second duration of short-term memory.

Front 11

Chunking

Back 11

Increasing the amount of information that can be held in short term memory by grouping related items together into a single unit or chunk.

Front 12

Working Memory

Back 12

Short term memory system involved in the temporary storage and active manipulation of information and it is in Baddleys Model.

Front 13

Baddleys Model

Back 13

Includes phonological loop, visuospacial sketchpad, and central executive components.

Front 14

Elaborative Rehearsal

Back 14

Rehearsal that involves focusing on the meaning of information to help encode and transfer it to long term memory.

Front 15

Levels of Processing Framework

Back 15

The view that information that is processed at a deeper more meaningful level is more likely to be remembered than information that is processed at a shallow less meaningful level.

Front 16

Procedural Memory

Back 16

Categories of long term memory that includes memories of different skills, operations, and actions.

Front 17

Episodic Memory

Back 17

Category of long term memory that includes memories of particular events.

Front 18

Semantic Memory

Back 18

Category of long term memory that includes memories of general knowledge of facts, names, and concepts.

Front 19

Explicit Memory

Back 19

Information or knowledge that can be consciously recollected; also called declarative memory. Is also memory with awareness.

Front 20

Implicit Memory

Back 20

Information or knowledge that effects behavior or task performance but cannot be consciously recollected; also called non declarative memory. Is also memory without awareness.

Front 21

Clustering

Back 21

Organizing items into related groups during recall from long term memory.

Front 22

Semantic Network Model

Back 22

A model that describes units of information in long term memory as being organized in a complex network of associations.

Front 23

Retrieval

Back 23

The process of accessing stored information.

Front 24

Retrieval Cue

Back 24

A clue, prompt, or hint that helps trigger recall of a given piece of information stored in long term memory.

Front 25

Retrieval Cue Failure

Back 25

The inability to recall long term memories because of inadequate or missing retrieval cues.

Front 26

Tip of Tongue Experience

Back 26

A memory phenomenon that involves the sensation of knowing that specific information is stored in long term memory but being temporarily unable to retrieve it.

Front 27

Recall

Back 27

A test of long term memory that involves retrieving information without the aid of retrieval cues; also called free ______.

Front 28

Cued Recall

Back 28

A test of long term memory that involves remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue.

Front 29

Recognition

Back 29

A test of long term memory that involves identifying correct information out of several possible choices.

Front 30

Serial Position Effect

Back 30

The tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than items in the middle.

Front 31

Encoding Specificity Principle

Back 31

The principle that when the conditions of information retrieval or similar to the conditions of information encoding. Retrieval is more likely to be successful.

Front 32

The two parts to Serial Position Effect

Back 32

The tendency to recall the first items in a list is called the Primacy Effect and the tendency to recall the final items in a list is called the recency effect.

Front 33

Context Effect

Back 33

The tendency to recover information more easily when the retrieval occurs in the same setting as the original learning of the information.

Front 34

Mood Congruence

Back 34

An encoding specificity phenomenon in which a given mood tends to evoke memories that are consistent with that mood.

Front 35

Flash Bulb Memory

Back 35

The recall of vary specific images or details surrounding a vivid rare or significant personal event; details may not be accurate.

Front 36

Forgetting

Back 36

The inability to recall information that was previously available.

Front 37

Encoding Failure

Back 37

The inability to recall specific information because of insufficient encoding of the information for storage and long term memory.

Front 38

Prospective Memory

Back 38

Remembering to do something in the future.

Front 39

Deja-Vu

Back 39

A brief but intense feeling of remembering a scene or an event that is actually being experienced for the first time; french for already seen.

Front 40

Source Memory or Source Monitoring

Back 40

Memory for when, where, and how a particular piece of information that was acquired.

Front 41

Decay Theory

Back 41

The view that forgetting is due to normal metabolic processes that occur in the brain overtime.

Front 42

Interference Theory

Back 42

The theory that forgetting is caused by one memory competing with or replacing another.

Front 43

Retroactive Interference

Back 43

Forgetting in which a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory; Backward Acting Memory Interference.

Front 44

Proactive Interference

Back 44

Forgetting in which an old memory interferes with remembering a new memory; Forward Acting Memory Interference.

Front 45

Suppression

Back 45

Motivated forgetting that occurs unconsciously.

Front 46

Misinformation Effect

Back 46

A memory distortion phenomenon in which a persons existing memories can be altered if the person is exposed to misleading information.

Front 47

Source Confusion

Back 47

A memory distortion that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten.

Front 48

False Memory

Back 48

A distorted or fabricated recollection of something that did not actually occur.

Front 49

Schema

Back 49

An organized cluster of information about a particular topic.

Front 50

Script

Back 50

A schema for the typical sequence of an everyday event.

Front 51

Imagination Inflation

Back 51

A memory phenomenon in which vividly imagining an event markedly increases confidence that the event actually occurred.

Front 52

Memory Trace

Back 52

The brain changes associated with a particular stored memory.

Front 53

Karl S. Lashley

Back 53

The Psychologist that suspected that the specific memory was localized at a specific site at the cerebral cortex. At the end of his career, he concluded that memories are not localized in specific locations but instead or distributed or stored throughout the brain.

Front 54

Long Term Potentiation

Back 54

A long lasting increase in synaptic strength between two neurons.

Front 55

Amnesia

Back 55

Severe memory loss.

Front 56

Retrograde Amnesia

Back 56

Loss of memory especially for episodic information; Backward Acting Amnesia.

Front 57

Memory Consolodation

Back 57

The gradual physical process of converting new long term memories to stable enduring long term memory codes.

Front 58

Dementia

Back 58

Progressive deterioration and impairment of memory reasoning and other cognitive functions occurring as a result of a disease or a condition.

Front 59

Alzheimer's Disease

Back 59

A progressive disease that destroys the brain's neurons gradually impairing memory, thinking, language, and other cognitive functions resulting in the complete inability to care for one's self; the most common form of Dementia.