Ch 5 Learning

Front 1

Any relatively permanent change in behaviour resulting from experience

Back 1

Learning

Front 2

An enduring change in behaviour that results from experience

Back 2

Learning

Front 3

This American psychologist founded the school of thought called BEHAVIOURISM

Back 3

John B. Watson

Front 4

He beleived that OVERT behaviour was the only valid indicator of psychological activity

Back 4

John B. Watson

Front 5

He beleived that although thoughts and beleifs existed, they could bot be studied using the scientific method

Back 5

John B. Watson

Front 6

He beleive that the environment and its associated effects on organism could be studied and are the sole determinants of learning

Back 6

John B. Watson

Front 7

This school of thought is based on the belief that animals and humans are born with the potential to learn anything

Back 7

Behaviouralism

Front 8

His idea of the tabula rasa or blank slate states that we are born knowing nothing and that all knowledge is acquired through sensory experience

Back 8

John Locke

Front 9

He was a Russian physiologist who won the Nobel prize for his work on the digestive system

Back 9

Ivan Pavlov

Front 10

He believed that behavioural responses are conditioned

Back 10

Ivan Pavlov

Front 11

This is the automatic and unlearned response that occurs when the stimulus of food is presented to hungry animals

Back 11

Salivary Reflex

Front 12

Based on on his study of the salivary reflex and dogs, Pavlov developed this theory

Back 12

Classical Conditioning

Front 13

Name that Theory: This is a type of learned response that occurs when a neutral object comes to elicit a reflexive response when it is associated with a stimuli that already produces that response

Back 13

Classical Conditioning

Front 14

A neutral stimulus that is unrelated to the salivary reflex (i.e., ringing bell) is presented together with a stimulus that reliably produces the reflex (i.e., food)

Back 14

Pairing

Front 15

The pairing of bell and Food is repeated a number of times

Back 15

Conditioning Trial

Front 16

The bell sound is presented alone and the salivary reflex is measured

Back 16

Critical Trials

Front 17

Under these conditions, the sound of the bell on its own produced salivation

Back 17

Pairing, Conditioning Trial and Critical Trial

Front 18

The basic mechanisms responsible for learning are?

Back 18

Unconditional Response, Unconditional Stimulus, Conditioned Stimulus and Conditioned Response

Front 19

This is a response that does not require any learning

Back 19

Unconditional Response

Front 20

This response is an unlearned, automatic behaviour

Back 20

Unconditional Response

Front 21

A stimulus that elicits a response, such as a reflex without any prior learning

Back 21

Unconditioned Stimulus

Front 22

A stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place

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Conditioned Stimulus

Front 23

A response that has been learned or the response

Back 23

Conditioned response

Front 24

The response to the conditioned stimulus

Back 24

Conditioned response

Front 25

Sort for before conditioning: NS, US, UR, CS, CR

Back 25

US -> UR

Front 26

Sort for conditioning: NS, US, UR, CS, CR

Back 26

NS -> US

Front 27

Sort for after conditioning: NS, US, UR, CS, CR

Back 27

CS -> CR

Front 28

What are the basic principles of Classical Conditioning?

Back 28

Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, Stimulus Generalization and Stimulus Discrimination

Front 29

What are the basic principles of Classical Conditioning?

Back 29

Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, Stimulus Generalization and Stimulus Discrimination

Hint 29

ASSES

Front 30

The initial learning of a behaviour is based on the gradual formation of an association between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli

Back 30

Acquisition

Front 31

Critical elements in the acquisition of a learned association is that the stimuli occur together, this is referred to as:

Back 31

Continguity

Front 32

Research has shown that the strongest conditioning occurs when:

Back 32

There is a very brief delay between the CS and the US

Front 33

This is suggestive of a process in which the conditioned response is WEAKENED when the conditioned stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned stimulus

Back 33

Extinction

Front 34

This is a process in which a previously extinguished response reemerged following presentation of the conditioned stimulus

Back 34

Spontaneous Recovery

Front 35

How many pairing does it take before the CS and the US will reestablish the CR?

Back 35

Even a single pairing will reestablish the CR

Front 36

Occurs when stimuli that are similiar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response

Back 36

Stimulus Generalization

Front 37

A learned tendency to differentiate between two similiar stimuli if one is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus and the other is not

Back 37

Stimulus Discrimination

Front 38

The process by which organisms learn to respond to certain stimuli but not to others

Back 38

Stimulus Discrimination

Front 39

Are acquired fears that are out of proportion to the real threat of an object

Back 39

Phobias

Front 40

According to the Classical Conditioning Theory, this develops through generalization of a fear experience such as when a person who is stung by a bee develops a fear of all flying insects

Back 40

Phobias

Front 41

Pavlov referred to learned phobias as:

Back 41

Conditioned Emotional Responses

Front 42

This technique exposes people to small doses of the feared stimulus while having them engage in a pleasurable task to help them overcome their fears

Back 42

Counterconditioning

Front 43

Who developed a formal treatment based on counterconditioning called Systematic Desensitization

Back 43

Joseph Wolpe

Front 44

While applying this technique, Clients are taught how to relax their muscles, and when they are able to od so, they are asked to imagine the feared object or situaiton while continuing to use relaxation exercises - eventually the person is exposed to the feared stimulus while relaxing

Back 44

Systematic Desensitization

Front 45

Behavioursm, led by Watson, focused on observable aspects of:

Back 45

Learning

Front 46

Pavlov developed the classical-conditioning theory to account the what between NS and reflexive behaviours

Back 46

Learned Association

Front 47

Conditioning occurs when the CS becomes what with the US

Back 47

Associated

Front 48

What is another term for Operant Conditioning?

Back 48

Instrumental Conditioning

Front 49

Name that Theory: Our behaviours often represent a means to and end such as we buy food to eat, we study to get good grades, and we work to receive money

Back 49

Operant Conditioning

Front 50

Name that theory: We learn to behave in certain ways in order to be rewarded

Back 50

Operant Conditioning

Front 51

Name that theory: We avoid behaving in certain ways in order not to be punished

Back 51

Operant Conditioning

Front 52

Who is the psychologist most closely associated with Operant Conditioning

Back 52

B.F Skinner

Front 53

He selected the term OPERANT to express the idea that animals OPERATE on the environment to produce an effect

Back 53

B.F. Skinner

Front 54

Name that Theory: The learning process in which the consequence of an action determines the likelihood that it will be performed in the future

Back 54

Operant Conditioning

Front 55

Organisms learn to repeat behaviours that yield positive outcomes or permit them to avoid or escape negative outcomes

Back 55

Operant Conditioning

Front 56

The study of operant conditioning began in whose based?

Back 56

William James

Front 57

As a young graduate student working with James, this person had been influed by Darwin and was studying whether nonhuman animals showed signs of intelligence

Back 57

Edward Thorndike

Front 58

Name that Theory: Learning depends upon the consequences of the animal's behaviour

Back 58

Thorndike's Law of Effect

Front 59

This person coined the term REINFORCER

Back 59

B.F. Skinner

Front 60

This is a stimulus that occurs following a response that increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated

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Reinforcer

Front 61

This person believed that behaviour occurs because it has been reinfornced

Back 61

B.F. Skinner

Front 62

This is s simple devise for assessing operant conditioning

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The Skinner Box

Front 63

These events strengthen behaviours

Back 63

Reinforcers

Front 64

These events suppress behaviours

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Punishments

Front 65

The four types of consequences according to Operant Conditioning are:

Back 65

Positive Reinforcers, Negative Reinforcers, Positive Punishment and Negative Punishment

Front 66

The goal of this is to increase the probability that a particular response will occur again

Back 66

Reinforcer

Front 67

This type of reinforcer increases in the probability of a behaviour being repeated following the administration of a reward or pleasurable stimulus

Back 67

Positive Reinforcer

Front 68

This type if reinforcer is a desired consequence that strengthens the response they follow

Back 68

Positive Reinforcer

Front 69

Two types of Positive Reinforcers are:

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Primary Reinforcers and Secondary/Conditioned Reinforcers

Front 70

This type of positive reinforcer is related to biological needs, whcih include food when we are hungry, water when we are thirsty, and sexual pleasure

Back 70

Primary Reinforcers

Front 71

Two key notions of primary reinforcers are:

Back 71

Necessary for survival and satisfy biological needs.

Front 72

These reinforcers do not directly satisfy biological needs, which include money, prizes, status and grades

Back 72

Secondary/Conditiond Reinforcers

Front 73

These reinforcers become established through classic conditioning

Back 73

Secondary Reinforcers

Front 74

This increases behaviour though the removal of an aversive stimulus

Back 74

Negative Reinforcement

Front 75

With this type of reinforcement, there is an increase in the probability of a behaviour being repeated through the removal of an aversive stimulus, which strengthens behavioural responses to avoid such stimuli

Back 75

Negative Reinforcement

Front 76

You use an umbrella to avoid getting soaked by the rain is an example of?

Back 76

Negative Reinforcement

Front 77

You take an aspirin to escape the undesirable pain is an example of?

Back 77

Negative Reinforcement

Front 78

You are given praise or money for working hard is an example of?

Back 78

Positive Reinforcement

Front 79

Name that Theory: The value of a specific reinforcer could be determined by the amount of time an organism engages in that behaviour when free to choose anything

Back 79

Integrative Theory of Reinforcement

Front 80

Who developed the Integrative Theory of Reinforcement?

Back 80

David Premack

Front 81

Name that Theory: A more valued activity can be used to reinforce the performance of a less valued activity.

Back 81

Premack's Principle

Front 82

"Eat your spinach and then you will get dessert" is an example of:

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Premack's Principle

Front 83

"Finish your homework and you can go out" is an example of:

Back 83

Premack's Principle

Front 84

This term suggests the application or removal of a stimulus so as to decrease the strength of a behaviour

Back 84

Punishment

Front 85

Giving a rat an electric shockl for pressing a lever is an example of:

Back 85

Punishment

Front 86

This is the process by which the consequence of an action reduce the likelihood that the action will be repeated

Back 86

Punishment

Front 87

This decreases the probability of a behaviour recurring by administering an averse stimulus

Back 87

Positive Punishment

Front 88

Whe an organism learns not to behave in a certain way because a punisher will follow, this is called

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Positive Punishment

Front 89

A teacher assigns a student 20 math problems as homework following a disruptive outburst in the classroom, this is an example of:

Back 89

Positive Punishment

Front 90

You are driving fast to get to class and you get pulled over by a police officer and you get a speeding ticket, this is an example of:

Back 90

Positive Punishment

Front 91

This decreases the probability of behaviour by removing a pleasurable stimulus, thus the tendency to behave in certain ways

Back 91

Negative Punishment

Front 92

That which occcurs when removing a stimulus that decreases the probability of a behaviour recurring

Back 92

Negative Punishment

Front 93

You lose your drivers license for reckless driving is an example of:

Back 93

Negative Punishment

Front 94

For punishment to be effective, when should it be applied so that the relationship between the unwanted behaviour and punishement are clear

Back 94

Immediately

Front 95

This involves reinforcing behaviours that are increasingly similiar to the desired behaviours

Back 95

Shaping

Front 96

It is a technique in which closer and closer approximations of desired behaviours are required for the delivery of positive reinforcement

Back 96

Shaping

Front 97

This is a procedure that establishes a sequence of responses, which lead to a reward following the final response in the sequence

Back 97

Chaining

Front 98

This is a type of learning in which the desired behaviour is reinforced each time it occurs

Back 98

Continuous Reinforcement

Front 99

This type of learning in which behaviour is reinforced intermittently

Back 99

Partial Reinforcement

Front 100

This type of reinforcement is based on the number of times the bahaviour occurs ie every third or tenth occurance

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Ration Schedule

Front 101

Reinforcement is based on a specific unit of time ie once every minute or hour

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Interval Schedule

Front 102

This type of reinforcment leads to greater responding than interval reinforcement

Back 102

Ratio reinforcement

Front 103

The reinforcer is constantly given following a specific number of occurances or after a specific amount of time

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Fixed Schedule

Front 104

The reinforcer is applied at different rates or at different times

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Variable Schedule

Front 105

Continuous reinforcement is highly effective for acquiring a behaviour, but if the reinforcement is stopped, the behaviour extinguishes quickly, this is called:

Back 105

Partial-Reinforcement Effect