Ch 5 Biology Vocabulary

Front 1

- every living organism is made up of one or more cells
- the smallest living organisms are single cells, and cells are the functional units of multicellular organisms
- all cells arise from preexisting cells

Back 1

The Cell Theory

Front 2

famous for making his microscope and observing tiny things that had never been seen before

Back 2

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Front 3

used a cork to observe cells; first to use the term cell

Back 3

Robert Hooke

Front 4

found the nucleus in 1833

Back 4

Robert Brown

Front 5

first to view a living cell and found protoplasm in 1835

Back 5

Felix Dujardin

Front 6

stated that living things are made of cells; helped the rise of the cell theory

Back 6

Mattias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

Front 7

come to the conclusion that cells come from preexisting cells; helped the rise of the cell theory

Back 7

Rudolf Virchow

Front 8

deoxyribonucleic acid

Back 8

DNA

Front 9

cells that do not have a nucleus; "before the nucleus"

Back 9

prokaryotic

Front 10

cells that do have a nucleus; "true nucleus"

Back 10

eukaryotic

Front 11

region of a prokaryotic cell where chromosome is usually coiled and localized; is not separated from the rest of the cytoplasm by a membrane

Back 11

nucleoid

Front 12

small rings of DNA located outside the nucleiod; found in prokaryotic cells; usually carry genes that give the cell special properties, like allowing them to acivate antibiotics

Back 12

plasmids

Front 13

ribonucleic acid

Back 13

RNA

Front 14

membrane-enclosed structures that perform specific functions within the cell

Back 14

organelles

Front 15

a network of protein fibers, gives shape and organization to the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

Back 15

cytoskeleton

Front 16

an organelle, usually the largest in the cell, that consists of three readily distinguishable parts; found only in eukaryotic cells and contains the DNA

Back 16

nucleus

Front 17

separates the nuclear material from the cytoplasm

Back 17

nuclear envelope

Front 18

a granular-looking material within the nucleus that consists of DNA and proteins; turns into chromosomes when the cell is multiplying, and reverts back when it is finished

Back 18

chromatin

Front 19

long strands of DNA and protein from the chromatin

Back 19

chromosomes

Front 20

a small particle composed of RNA and proteins that serve as a kind of workbench for the synthesis of proteins; can be used to synthesize any of the thousands of proteins made by a cell

Back 20

ribosomes

Front 21

a series of interconnected membrane-enclosed tubes and channels in the cytoplasm; has two forms: rough and smooth

Back 21

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Front 22

part of the ER that synthesizes lipids, including the phospholipids and cholesterol used in membrane formation; contains enzymes that detoxify harmful drugs and metabolic by-products; does not have ribosomes

Back 22

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Front 23

synthesizes both proteins and phospholipids, and can produce new membrane incorporated into the ER; contains ribosomes which manufacture the proteins, such as digestive enzymes and protein hormones

Back 23

rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Front 24

a small membrane bound sac from within the cytoplasm

Back 24

vesicle

Front 25

a specialized set of membranes derived from the endoplasmic reticulum that looks very much like a stack of flattened sacs

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Golgi complex

Front 26

- separates proteins and lipids received from the ER according to their destinations; for example, it separates digestive enzyes that are bound fro lysosomes from hormones that the cell will secrete
- modifies some molecules; for instance, it adds sugars to proteins to make glycoprotiens
- packages these materials into vesicles that are then transported to other parts of the cell or to the plasma membrane for export

Back 26

Three major functions of the Golgi complex

Front 27

membrane-bound structures formed by the Golgi apparatus; contain enzymes for digestion and ridding the cell of foreign/unhealthy bacteria; also known as the "suicide sacs"

Back 27

lysosomes

Front 28

formed in phagocytosis; engulfs extracellular particles with extensions of the plasma membrane; food particles are then moved into the cytoplasm and enclosed within membranous sacs

Back 28

food vacuoles

Front 29

vacuoles composed of collecting ducts, a central reservoir, and a tube leading to a pore in the plasma membrane

Back 29

contractile vacuoles

Front 30

fluid-filled sacs surrounded by a single membrane

Back 30

vacuole

Front 31

large vacuole that takes up most of the space in a plant cell; filled mostly with water it is involved in the cell's water balance; also provides a dump sitefor hazardous wastes, which plant cells often cannot excrete

Back 31

central vacuole

Front 32

plant cell organelles that convert energy stored in sugar to ATP

Back 32

mitochondria

Front 33

plant celle organelle that captures energy directly from sunlight and stores it in sugar molecules

Back 33

chloroplasts

Front 34

the hypothesis that certain organelles, especially the chloroplasts and mitochondria, arose as mutually beneficial associations between the ancestors of eukaryotic cells and captured bacteria that lived within the cytoplasm of the prokaryotic cells

Back 34

endosymbiont hypothesis

Front 35

a metabolism that does not use oxygen during its breakdown of food molecules

Back 35

anaerobic

Front 36

a metabolism that does use oxygen during its breakdown of food molecules

Back 36

aerobic

Front 37

the green pigment molecule which gives plants their green color

Back 37

chlorophyll

Front 38

organelles found only in plants and photosynthetic protists; surrounded by a double membrane and are usually used for the storage of various molecules

Back 38

plastids

Front 39

thin filament of the cytoskeleton; function is cell movement and support, and is used in cytoplasmic movements in muscle cells when they contract

Back 39

microfilaments

Front 40

the medium-sized protein fibers of the cytoskeleton

Back 40

intermediate filaments

Front 41

the thickest protein fibers of the cytoskeleton; small cylinders composed of tubulin, forms the centriole and the spindle apparatus during cell division; also forms the cilia and the flagella

Back 41

microtubules

Front 42

- cell shape
- cell movement
- organelle movement
- cell division

Back 42

Functions of the cytoskeleton

Front 43

bundles of microtubules in a 9+2 pattern; provide movement for single-celled organisms

Back 43

cilia and flagella

Front 44

bundles of microtubles in a 9+0 pattern; important in cell division; found in animal cells

Back 44

centriole

Front 45

structure in the cell cytoplasm that is located at the base of a cilium or flagellum and helps to organize microtubules

Back 45

basal body