Ch 5 Biological Molecules

Front 1

The four classes of large biological molecules

Back 1

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Neucleic acids

Front 2

polymer

Back 2

is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

Front 3

monomer

Back 3

These are small building-block molecules

Front 4

Which of the four classes of life’s organic molecules are polymers?

Back 4

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic acids but not lipids

Front 5

A condensation reaction or a dehydration reaction

Back 5

when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule

Front 6

enzymes

Back 6

are macromolecules that speed up the dehydration process

Front 7

hydrolosis

Back 7

Polymers are disassembled to monomers by the adding a water molecule

Front 8

carbohydrate molecular formulas

Back 8

have molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH2O Glucose (C6H12O6)

Front 9

Disaccharides

Back 9

Is formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides

Front 10

glycosidic linkage

Back 10

when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides in a covalent bond

Front 11

Polysaccharides

Back 11

the polymers of sugars, have storage and structural rolesThe structure and function of a ______ are determined by its sugar monomers and the positions of glycosidic linkages

Front 12

starch

Back 12

a storage polysaccharide of plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers Plants store surplus _____ as granules within chloroplasts and other plastids

Front 13

glycogen

Back 13

Is a storage polysaccharide in animals

Front 14

cellulose

Back 14

is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells Like starch, is a polymer of glucose, but the glycosidic linkages differ The difference is based on two ring forms for glucose: Polymers with a glucose are helical Polymers with b glucose are straight

Front 15

chitin

Back 15

another structural polysaccharide, is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods also provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi

Front 16

Lipids relationship to water

Back 16

hydrophobic because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which form nonpolar covalent bonds

Front 17

Fats (Triglycerides)

Back 17

are constructed from two types of smaller molecules -glycerol and fatty acids

Front 18

Glycerol

Back 18

a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon

Front 19

fatty acid

Back 19

Consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton

Front 20

triglycerides

Back 20

Three fatty acids joined to glycerol by an ester linkage

Front 21

saturated fatty acids

Back 21

Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds

Front 22

unsaturated fatty acids

Back 22

have one or more double bonds, and are solid at room temperature

Front 23

Hydrogenating vegetable oils creates

Back 23

unsaturated fats with trans double bonds

Front 24

The major function of fats is

Back 24

is energy storage

Front 25

Adipose cells

Back 25

Humans and other mammals store their fat in here and also cushions vital organs and insulates the body

Front 26

phospholipid

Back 26

two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol The two fatty acid tails are hydrophobic, but the phosphate group and its attachments form a hydrophilic headare the major component of all cell membranes

Front 27

Steroids

Back 27

are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings

Front 28

Cholesterol

Back 28

an important steroid, is a component in animal cell membranes Although essential, in high levels may contribute to cardiovascular disease

Front 29

_________ are a type of protein that acts as a _________ to speed up chemical reactions

Back 29

enzymes catalyst

Front 30

Polypeptides

Back 30

Polymers built from the same set of __20_ amino acids A protein consists of one or more of these

Front 31

Amino acids

Back 31

are organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups and are linked by peptide bonds

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R groups

Back 32

Amino acids differ in their properties due to differing side chains

Front 33

Four Levels of Protein Structure

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a.The primary structure of a protein is its unique sequence of amino acids b.Secondary structure, found in most proteins, consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain c.Tertiary structure is determined by interactions among various side chains (R groups)d.Quaternary structure results when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chain

Front 34

denatured

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loss of a protein’s native structure is biologically inactive

Front 35

Gene

Back 35

Programed unit of inheritance

Front 36

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Back 36

The two types of nucleic acids

Front 37

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Back 37

DNA directs synthesis of messenger ______ and, controls protein synthesisWhich occurs in ribosomes

Front 38

Monomer of polynucleotides (nucleic acid)

Back 38

nucleotides which consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group

Front 39

Nitrogenous bases Pyrimidines

Back 39

(cytosine, thymine(in Dna), and uracil(in Rna)) have a single six-membered ring

Front 40

Nitrogenous bases Purines

Back 40

(adenine and guanine) have a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring

Front 41

Nucleotide

Back 41

nucleoside(nitrogenous base+sugar) + phosphate group

Front 42

DNA, the sugar is ______; in RNA, the sugar is ________

Back 42

deoxyribose ribose