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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Circulatory System |
- Function: 1) Facilitate gas exchange (O2 & CO2) 2) Carry hormones, macromolecules, biomolecules 3) Carry waste products to excretory organs - 3 Types: 1) Gastrovascular Cavities 2) Open Circulatory System 3) Closed Circulatory Systems |
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Gastrovascular Cavities |
- body cavity opening to outside - oxygen absorbed by body cells in cavity - wasted excreted into cavity - all cells located near cavity or as extensions |
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Open Circulatory Systems |
- arthropods & some mollusks - blood & interstitial fluids are the same; hemolymph - pumped thru open ended vessels into sinuses - hemolymph returns to heart |
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Closed Circulatory System |
- blood & interstitial fluid are separated - larger, more active animal needs high pressure to pump to all cells - can be adjusted to match metabolic demand - capacity to heal (clots) - grow as animal grows
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Atria |
chamber of heart that receives blood returning to heart |
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Ventricles |
chamber that pumps blood out of heart |
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Arteries |
carry blood away from heart |
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veins |
carry blood to heart |
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Capillaries |
thin vessels where gas exchange occurs |
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Single Circuit |
blood travels straight to respiratory to rest of body |
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Double Circuit |
blood picks up O2 in lungs then returns to heart then the rest of the body |
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Anatomy of heart |
- septum separates atria & ventricles - blood enters into the atrium - Atrioventricular (AV) Valves: separate atria from ventricles - Pulmonary & Aortic Valves: separate vessels from ventricles - valves open & close due to change in pressure |
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Blood Flow |
1) Starts at R atrium 2) R atrium -> R ventricle 3) R ventricle -> pulmonary artery 4) -> lungs -> capillary beds -> pulmonary vein 5) Pulmonary vein -> L atrium 6) L atrium -> L ventricle (thickest, pumps to whole body) 7) L ventricle -> aorta (biggest artery) 8) aorta -> network of arteries to capillary bed 9) capillary bed -> veins -> vena cava (biggest vein) 10) vena cave empties to R atrium |
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How the heart pumps |
- 2 Phases 1) Diastole (relaxation): atria & ventricles relaxed pressure at lowest; atria contracts & ventricles fill with blood 2) Systole (contraction): ventricles contract & blood ejects to body; blood pressure highest - ventricle contract, pressure rises, AV valve close "lub" - ventricle relax, closes aortic/pulmonary valve "dup" - coordinated by electrical signals - mechanically separated by changes in pressure that open/close valves - both atrium contracts then both ventricle contracts - action potential: impulse in neuron taking the for of a wave of depolarization - depolarization: contraction |
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Measure blood pressure |
1) Cuff shuts off blood flow 2) Cuff pressure gradually lowered until sound of pulsing blood heard; pressure is just below systolic pressure (hight #) 3) Cuff pressure lowered until sound is continuous, below dystolic pressure (low #) |
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Control of Electrical Signals |
1) SA node generates wave of signals 2) Signals delayed to AV node 3) Pause to allow full fill of ventricle 4) Signal pass to heart apex (bottom) 5) Signal spread from bottom to top (like toothpaste) - Sinoatrial Node (SA) node: pacemaker, collection of cardiac cell that spontaneously generate action potential - gap junctions help spread signal
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ECG |
- P-Wave: atrial depolarization - QRS Complex: depolarization of ventricles - T-Wave: repolarization of ventricles - small muscle = small wave |
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Pressure |
- arterial pressure > venous pressure - Arteries/Arterioles - thicker walled - smooth muscle layer - more elastic - Veins/Venule - thinner walls - thin layer of smooth muscle - have valves - skeletal muscles help pump blood - Capillaries - total area greater so blood moves slowly - allows gas exchange - Why not blown by pressure? 1) Blood flow slowed by surface area 2) precapillary sphincters: shut down bed when pressure is high |
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Blood Pressure |
- force exerted by blood on walls of blood vessels - Resistance x Flow = Blood Pressure - Resistance: tendency of blood vessels to slow down blood flow 1) vessel radius: decrease in radius increase resistance by r^4 2) length 3) blood viscosity - Flow = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate 1) amount of blood heart pumps per time 2) size of heart, frequency of beats - Stroke Volume (SV): amount of blood ejected each beat; proportional to size of heart - Heart Rate (RT): beats per minute
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Respiratory System |
- Heart: pumps blood to body - Vessels: carries blood to all cells - Blood & Respiratory Pigments (RPs): transport medium; RP increase capacity of blood to carry more O2 - Lungs/Gills: designed to intake O2, release CO2 efficiently |
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Blood Components |
- Plasma: water & solutes (buffering, water balance & immune cell transport) - Leukocytes: white blood cells (immune system) - Erythrocytes: red blood cells (O2 & CO2 transport) - Platelets: thrombocytes (clotting) |
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Erythrocytes |
- red blood cells - bioconcave shape - contains hemoglobin - no nucleus - large surface area for gas exchange, flexible to fit in vessels - sickle cell anemia: sticky red blood cells |
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Hemoglobin (Hb) |
- found in RBC - protein made up of four sub-units - each contains iron ion - O2 binds reversibly to iron core - each can bind to 4 O2 - formed in stem cells in bone marrow - Fetal Hemoglobin: fetal compete with mom for O2, produce special Hb with higher affinity for O2 |
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Blood Transport |
- governed by partial pressure gradient - Pressure at lungs: HIGH - Pressure at tissue: LOW - gases diffuse down pressure gradient - oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve - pressure high, more O2 bind - pressure low, less O2 bind - shifts right = more O2 released; increase in CO2, acid, temperature - shifts left = less O2 released; decrease in CO2, acid, temperature |
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Lungs |
- Alveoli: gas exchange site, cluster of thin walled air sac at end of bronchioles - Surfactant: lubricates surface, reduce tension - Pleural Membrane: thin covering of lung |
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How do we breathe? |
- Negative Pressure Breathing - Tidal Volume: amount of air inhale/exhale each breath - Vital Capacity: max tidal volume during forced breathing - Residual Volume: amount of air left in lungs after force exhale
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Control of Breathing |
- Pressure O2 & CO2 & pH in blood - Breathing center in brain (pon & medulla) - Most important feedback is Pressure CO2 - Pressure detects level of gases in blood - When pressure too hight, breathing rate increase to get rid of CO2 |
