Ch 43 Ap Bio

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acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

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A severe immunological disorder caused by the retrovirus HIV, resulting in a defect in cell-mediated immune response that is manifested by increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections

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active immunity

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Immunity resulting from the development of antibodies in response to the presence of an antigen, as from vaccination or exposure to an infectious disease

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agglutination

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The clumping together of red blood cells or bacteria, usually in response to a particular antibody

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anaphylactic shock

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A severe, sometimes fatal allergic reaction characterized by a sharp drop in blood pressure, urticaria, and breathing difficulties that is caused by exposure to a foreign substance

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antibodies

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A Y-shaped protein on the surface of B cells that is secreted into the blood or lymph in response to an antigenic stimulus, such as a bacterium, virus, parasite, or transplanted organ, and that neutralizes the antigen by binding specifically to it; an immunoglobulin.

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antigen receptors

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Proteins that recognize specific antigens on lymphocyte membranes

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antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

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A cell that facilitates the immune response by holding antigens on its surface and presenting them to lymphocytes

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antigens

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A substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of an antibody. Antigens include toxins, bacteria, foreign blood cells, and the cells of transplanted organs

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B lymphocytes (B cells)

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Any of the lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow and, when stimulated by a particular antigen, differentiate into plasma cells

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basophils

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A cell, especially a white blood cell, having granules that stain readily with basic dyes

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CD4

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A glycoprotein predominantly found on the surface of helper T cells. In humans, it is a receptor for HIV, enabling the virus to gain entry into its host

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CD8

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A glycoprotein on the surface of killer cells that enhances binding with MHC molecules

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cell-mediated immunity

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Immunity dependent on t cells

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chemokines

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Any of various cytokines produced in acute and chronic inflammation that mobilize and activate white blood cells

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Class I MHC

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Mark all nucleated cells as being “self”

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Class II MHC

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“self” recognition molecules found on specialized cell types (immune cells like macrophages, B cells, activated T cells, etc.)

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clonal selection

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Antigen driven cloning of lymphocytes

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complement fixation

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Activation of the complement system by an antigen-antibody complex

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complement system

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Cascading system of proteins that cal cause cell lysis ultimately

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cytokines

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Any of several regulatory proteins, such as the interleukins and lymphokines, that are released by cells of the immune system and act as intercellular mediators in the generation of an immune response

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cytotoxic T cells (TC)

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Any of various large differentiated T cells that recognize and lyse target cells bearing a specific foreign antigen, usually by infection with a virus, and that also function in defense against cancer cells

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effector cells

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lymphocyte (as a T cell) that has been induced to differentiate into a form (as a cytotoxic T cell) capable of mounting a specific immune response

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eosinophils

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A type of leukocytel etycokuecontaining eosin-staining granules. Although the activity of eosinophils is not entirely clear, they are known to destroy parasitic organisms and play a the total white blood cell count.

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epitope

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The surface portion of an antigen capable of eliciting an immune response and of combining with the antibody produced to counter that response

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heavy chains

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The larger of the two types of polypeptide chains in immunoglobulins, consisting of an antigen-binding portion having a variable amino acid sequence, and a constant region that defines the antibody class

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helper T cells (TH)

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Any of the T cells that when stimulated by a specific antigen release lymphokines that promote the activation and function of B cells and killer T cells

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histamine

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A physiologically active amine, C5H9N3, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans

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human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV)

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A retrovirus that causes AIDS by infecting helper T cells of the immune system

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humoral immunity

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The component of the immune system involving antibodies that are secreted by B cells and circulate as soluble proteins in blood plasma and lymph

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immune adherence

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Antibodies, complement system and phagocytes working together

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immunization

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treatment of an organism for the purpose of making it immune to subsequent attack by a particular pathogen

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immunoglobulins (Ig)

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Any of a group of large glycoproteins that are secreted by plasma cells and that function as antibodies in the immune response by binding with specific antigens

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inflammatory response

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A localized protective reaction of tissue to irritation, injury, or infection, characterized by pain, redness, swelling, and sometimes loss of function

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interferon

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Any of a group of glycoproteins that are produced by different cell types in response to various stimuli, such as exposure to a virus, bacterium, parasite, or other antigen, and that prevent viral replication in newly infected cells and, in some cases, modulate specific cellular functions

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interleukin-1 (IL-1)

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Either of two proteins, released by macrophages and other cells, that induce the production of interleukin-2 by helper T cells and stimulate the inflammatory response

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interleukin-2 (IL-2)

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A lymphokine that is released by helper T cells in response to an antigen and interleukin-1 and stimulates the proliferation of helper T cells

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light chains

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The smaller of the two types of polypeptide chains in immunoglobulins, consisting of an antigen-binding portion with a variable amino acid sequence, and a constant region with an amino acid sequence that is relatively unchanging

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lysozyme

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An enzyme occurring naturally in egg white, human tears, saliva, and other body fluids, capable of destroying the cell walls of certain bacteria and thereby acting as a mild antiseptic

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macrophages

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Large phagocytic cells of the immune system

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major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

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A group of genes that code for cell-surface histocompatibility antigens and are the principle determinants of tissue type and transplant compatibility

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mast cells

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A cell found in connective tissue that contains numerous basophilic granules and releases substances such as heparin and histamine in response to injury or inflammation of bodily tissues

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membrane attack complex (MAC)

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Part of the complement system that forms holes in bacteria membrane

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memory cells

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a long-lived lymphocyte that carries the antibody or receptor for a specific antigen after a first exposure to the antigen and that remains in a less than mature state until stimulated by a second exposure to the antigen at which time it mounts a more effective immune response than a cell which has not been exposed previously

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monoclonal antibodies

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Any of the highly specific antibodies produced in large quantity by the clones of a single hybrid cell

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natural killer cells

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A lymphocyte that is activated by double-stranded RNA or lymphokines and fights off viral infections and tumors without evident antigenic specificity

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neutralization

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the removal of a threat by killing or destroying it

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opportunistic diseases

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Diseases that specifically affect immune compromised people

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opsonization

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To make (bacteria or other cells) more susceptible to the action of phagocytes

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passive immunity

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Immunity acquired by the transfer of antibodies from another individual, as through injection or placental transfer to a fetus

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perforin

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A protein in killer cells and natural killer cells that causes lysis of target cells on contact

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phagocytosis

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The engulfing and ingestion of bacteria or other foreign bodies by phagocytes

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plasma cells

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Any of the antibody-secreting cells found in lymphoid tissue and derived from B cells upon lymphokine stimulation and reaction with a specific antigen

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primary immune response

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Response to the first exposure to an antigen

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prostaglandins

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Any of a group of potent hormonelike substances that are produced in various mammalian tissues, are derived from arachidonic acid, and mediate a wide range of physiological functions, such as control of blood pressure, contraction of smooth muscle, and modulation of inflammation

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pyrogens

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A substance that produces fever

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Rh factor

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Any of several substances on the surface of red blood cells that induce a strong antigenic response in individuals lacking the substance

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secondary immune response

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Response to the second exposure to an antigen

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suppressor T cells (TS)

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A T cell that reduces or suppresses the immune response of B cells or of other T cells to an antigen

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T cell receptors

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Specifically T cell antigen receptors

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T lymphocytes (T cells)

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Any of the lymphocytes that mature in the thymus and have the ability to recognize specific peptide antigens through the receptors on their cell surface

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T-dependent antigens

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Antigens that stimulate antibody production via t helper cells

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T-independent antigens

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Antigens that cause B cells to produce antibodies without T cell help

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target cell

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A cell selectively affected by a particular agent, such as a virus, drug, or hormone

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transfusion reaction

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reaction of the body to a transfusion of blood that is not compatible with its own blood

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tumor antigen

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Any of several antigens present in tumors induced by certain types of adenoviruses and papovaviruses or in cells transformed in vitro by those viruses

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vaccination

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the introduction into humans or domestic animals of microorganisms that have previously been treated to make them harmless for the purpose of inducing the development of immunity