Ch 35 Ap Bio

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monocots

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A subclass of Angiosperm plants based on anatomical characteristics. They tend to have: narrow leaves, One cotyledon, parallel veins in the leaves, Flower parts are usually in multiples of three, A scattered arrangement of primary vascular bundles in the stem, Fibrous root system

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dicots

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A subclass of of Angiosperms. They tend to have Broad leaves, Two cotyledons, Netlike veins in the leaves, flower parts are usually in fours or fives, A ring of primary vascular bundles in the stem, taproot system

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root system

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All the roots of a plant.

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shoot system

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The portion of a plant above the roots (stem, leaves)

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xylem

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The supporting and water-conducting tissue of vascular plants, consisting primarily of tracheids and vessels; woody tissue.

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phloem

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The food-conducting tissue of vascular plants, consisting of sieve tubes, fibers, parenchyma, and sclereids. Also called bast.

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taproot

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The main root of a plant, usually stouter than the lateral roots and growing straight downward from the stem.

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fibrous root

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A root system made up of many threadlike members of more or less equal length, as in most grasses.

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root hairs

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A thin hairlike outgrowth of an epidermal cell of a plant root that absorbs water and minerals from the soil.

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adventitious root

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root growing in an unusual location e.g. from a stem

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stem

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The main ascending axis of a plant; A slender stalk supporting or connecting another plant part, such as a leaf or flower.

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node

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The point on a stem where a leaf is attached or has been attached; a joint.

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internode

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A section or part between two nodes, as of a nerve or stem.

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axillary bud

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A lateral bud.

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terminal bud

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An apical (upwards) bud

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apical dominance

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Inhibition of the growth of lateral buds by the terminal bud of a plant shoot.

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leaves

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usually green, flattened, lateral structure attached to a stem and functioning as a principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in most plants.

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blade

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The expanded part of a leaf or petal.

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petiole

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The stalk by which a leaf is attached to a stem

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protoplast

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The living material of a plant or bacterial cell, including the protoplasm and plasma membrane after the cell wall has been removed

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sclerenchyma cell

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A supportive plant tissue that consists of thick-walled, usually lignified cells

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fiber

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One of the elongated, thick-walled cells that give strength and support to plant tissue

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sclereids

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A thick-walled lignified plant cell that is often branched

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pits

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A cavity in the wall of a plant cell where there is no secondary wall, as in fibers, tracheids, and vessels.

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xylem vessels

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One of the tubular conductive structures of xylem, consisting of dead cylindrical cells that are attached end to end and connected by perforations

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sieve-tube members

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A series of cells joined end to end, forming a tube through which nutrients are conducted

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sieve plates

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The perforated end wall of a sieve tube cell

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annuals

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Living or growing for only one year or season

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perennials

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Living three or more years

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meristem

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The undifferentiated plant tissue from which new cells are formed, as that at the tip of a stem or root

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apical meristem

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A meristem at the tip of a plant shoot or root that causes the shoot or root to increase in length

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parenchyma cell

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The primary tissue of higher plants, composed of thin-walled cells and forming the greater part of leaves, roots, the pulp of fruit, and the pith of stems

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collenchyma cell

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A supportive tissue of plants, consisting of elongated living cells with unevenly thickened walls

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root cap

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A thimble-shaped mass of cells that covers and protects the root tip

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tracheids

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Tracheids are elongated cells in the xylem of vascular plants, serving in the transport of water

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vessel elements

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thought to be derived from tracheids but tend to be shorter and wider. Also unlike tracheids is the open ends of vessel elements, allowing these cells to connect together in long tubes like a pipe of connected short pieces.

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protoderm

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The primary meristem that gives rise to epidermis

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companion cell

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A specialized parenchyma cell, located in the phloem of flowering plants and closely associated in development and function with a sieve-tube element

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epidermis

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The outermost layer of cells covering the leaves and young parts of a plant

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pith

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The soft, spongelike, central cylinder of the stems of most flowering plants, composed mainly of parenchyma

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cortex

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The region of tissue in a root or stem lying between the epidermis and the vascular tissue

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endodermis

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The innermost layer of the cortex that forms a sheath around the vascular tissue of roots and some stems.

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lateral meristem

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A meristem in vascular plants, such as the cambium, in which secondary growth occurs.

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zone of cell division

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region of meristematic tissue, specifically root tips, where cell division occurs

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stele

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The central core of tissue in the stem or root of a vascular plant, consisting of the xylem and phloem together with supporting tissues

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vascular cambium

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A lateral meristem that produces secondary xylem to the inside and secondary phloem to the outside

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pericycle

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A plant tissue characteristic of the roots, located between the endodermis and phloem

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procambium

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The primary meristem that gives rise to vascular tissue

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ground meristem

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The primary meristem that differentiates into the pith and cortex

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lateral roots

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generally small roots growing outwards into the soil

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primary growth

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Growth in vascular plants resulting from the production of primary tissues by a primary meristem. Elongation of the plant body is usually a consequence of primary growth

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secondary growth

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Growth in vascular plants from production of secondary tissues by a lateral meristem, usually resulting in wider branches and stems

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pericycle

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A plant tissue characteristic of the roots, located between the endodermis and phloem

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vascular bundle

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A strand of primary conductive plant tissue consisting essentially of xylem and phloem

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transpiration

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the emission of water vapor from the leaves of plants

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mesophyll

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The photosynthetic tissue of a leaf, located between the upper and lower epidermis

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cork cambium

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A lateral ring of meristematic tissue found in woody seed plants, producing cork on the outside of the ring and parenchyma on the inside of the ring

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periderm

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The outer layers of tissue of woody roots and stems, consisting of the cork cambium and the tissues produced by it, such as cork

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zone of elongation

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the region of meristematic tissue where cells absorb water and increase in size up to 10x

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bark

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The tough outer covering of the woody stems and roots of trees, shrubs, and other woody plants. It includes all tissues outside the vascular cambium

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lenticel

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One of the small, corky pores or narrow lines on the surface of the stems of woody plants that allow the interchange of gases between the interior tissue and the surrounding air

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zone of maturation

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region in meristematic tissue where cells differentiate

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stomata

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One of the minute pores in the epidermis of a leaf or stem through which gases and water vapor pass

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guard cells

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the bordering cells of stomates; they are crescent-shaped and contain chlorophyll