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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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alveoli
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A tiny, thin-walled, capillary-rich sac in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
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arteries
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Any of the muscular elastic tubes that form a branching system and that carry blood away from the heart to the cells, tissues, and organs of the body
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arterioles
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One of the small terminal branches of an artery, especially one that connects with a capillary
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arteriosclerosis
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A chronic disease in which thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls result in impaired blood circulation. It develops with aging, and in hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and other conditions
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artherosclerosis
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A form of arteriosclerosis characterized by the deposition of atheromatous plaques containing cholesterol and lipids on the innermost layer of the walls of large and medium-sized arteries
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atrioventricular (AV) node
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A small mass of specialized cardiac muscle fibers, located in the wall of the right atrium of the heart, that receives heartbeat impulses from the sinoatrial node and directs them to the walls of the ventricles
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atrioventricular valve
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either of two heart valves through which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles; prevents return of blood to the atrium
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atrium
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A body cavity or chamber, especially either of the upper chambers of the heart that receives blood from the veins and forces it into a ventricle
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blood pressure
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The pressure exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels, especially the arteries
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breathing
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To inhale and exhale (air, for example) during respiration
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breathing control centers
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Regions in the medulla oblongata and pons that set the breathing rhythm
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bronchi
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Either of two main branches of the trachea, leading directly to the lungs
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bronchioles
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Any of the fine, thin-walled, tubular extensions of a bronchus
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capillaries
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One of the minute blood vessels that connect arterioles and venules. These blood vessels form an intricate network throughout the body for the interchange of various substances, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, between blood and tissue cells
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capillary bed
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Networks of capillaries that infiltrate each tissue
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cardiac cycle
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The rhythmic contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the chambers of the heart that corresponds to one heartbeat. During the cardiac cycle, blood is pumped out of the heart into the aorta and the pulmonary artery, and blood reenters the heart from the venae cavae and the pulmonary veins. The heart's valves open and close in response to pressure differences between the chambers
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cardiac output
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the amount of blood pumped out by the ventricles in a given period of time
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cardiovascular disease
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Diseases of the heart and blood vessels
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cardiovascular system
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Closed circulatory system in vertebrates, consisting of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
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closed circulatory system
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System with blood closed at all times within vessels of different size and wall thickness.
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countercurrent exchange
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Blood flows in the opposite direction to which water passes over the gills, allowing oxygen to be transferred very efficiently
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diaphragm
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A muscular membranous partition separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities and functioning in respiration
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diastole
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The normal rhythmically occurring relaxation and dilatation of the heart chambers, especially the ventricles, during which they fill with blood
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dissociation curve
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A graph of the relationship between the percentage solute (~oxygen) saturation of a solvent (~blood) and the partial pressure of solute (~oxygen). The curve is S-shaped
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double circulation
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Circulatory system with separate curcuits for getting oxygen (pulmonary) into blood and delivering oxygen to tissues (systemic)
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electrocardiogram
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An instrument used to record the mechanical movements of the heart.
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endothelium
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A thin layer of flat epithelial cells that lines serous cavities, lymph vessels, and blood vessels
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erythrocytes
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A cell in the blood of vertebrates that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues. In mammals, the red blood cell is disk-shaped and biconcave, contains hemoglobin, and lacks a nucleus
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erythropoietin
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A glycoprotein hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells by stem cells in bone marrow. Produced mainly by the kidneys, it is released in response to decreased levels of oxygen in body tissue
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fibrin
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An elastic, insoluble, whitish protein produced by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen and forming an interlacing fibrous network in the coagulation of blood
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fibrinogen
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A protein in the blood plasma that is essential for the coagulation of blood and is converted to fibrin by the action of thrombin in the presence of ionized calcium
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gas exchange
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The process ny which oxygen is extracted from inhaled air into the bloodstream, and, at the same time, carbon dioxide is removed from the blood and exhaled
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gills
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The respiratory organ of most aquatic animals that breathe water to obtain oxygen, consisting of a filamentous structure of vascular membranes across which dissolved gases are exchanged
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heart attack
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A heart attack is the death of, or damage to, the muscle of the heart because its blood supply is reduced or stopped
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heart rate
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The number of heartbeats per unit of time, usually expressed as beats per minute
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hemocyanin
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A bluish, copper-containing protein with an oxygen-carrying function similar to that of hemoglobin, present in the blood of certain mollusks and arthropods
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hemocyanin
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A respiratory pigment with copper to bind oxygen, blue in color, common in arthropods and molluscs
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hemoglobin
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The iron-containing respiratory pigment in red blood cells of vertebrates, consisting of about 6 percent heme and 94 percent globin
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hemolymph
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The circulatory fluid of certain invertebrates, analogous to blood in arthropods and to lymph in other invertebrates
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hemophilia
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Any of several hereditary blood-coagulation disorders in which the blood fails to clot normally because of a deficiency or abnormality of one of the clotting factors
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high-density lipo-proteins (HDLs)
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A complex of lipids and proteins in approximately equal amounts that functions as a transporter of cholesterol in the blood. High levels are associated with a decreased risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease
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hypertension
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Arterial disease in which chronic high blood pressure is the primary symptom
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larynx
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The part of the respiratory tract between the pharynx and the trachea, having walls of cartilage and muscle and containing the vocal cords enveloped in folds of mucous membrane
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leukocytes
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Any of various blood cells that have a nucleus and cytoplasm, separate into a thin white layer when whole blood is centrifuged, and help protect the body from infection and disease.
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low-density lipo-proteins (LDLs)
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A complex of lipids and proteins, with greater amounts of lipid than protein, that transports cholesterol in the blood. High levels are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease
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lungs
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Two spongy, saclike respiratory organs in most vertebrates, occupying the chest cavity together with the heart and functioning to remove carbon dioxide from the blood and provide it with oxygen
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lymph
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A clear, watery, sometimes faintly yellowish fluid derived from body tissues that contains white blood cells and circulates throughout the lymphatic system, returning to the venous bloodstream through the thoracic duct. Lymph acts to remove bacteria and certain proteins from the tissues, transport fat from the small intestine, and supply mature lymphocytes to the blood
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lymph nodes
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Any of the small bean-shaped bodies located along the lymphatic vessels, particularly at the neck, armpit, and groin, that filter bacteria and foreign particles from lymph fluid
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lymphatic system
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A network of vessels, tissues, and organs in vertebrate animals that helps the body regulate fluid balance and fight infection. The vessels of the lymphatic system drain excess fluid, called lymph, from the tissues and return it to the circulating blood
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myoglobin
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A single-chain, iron-containing protein found in muscle fibers, structurally similar to a single subunit of hemoglobin and having a higher affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin of the blood
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negative pressure breathing
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Pulling air into the windpipe and the lungs, most common (diaphragm)
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open circulatory system
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Blood is pumped by a heart into the body cavities, where tissues are surrounded by the blood.
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pacemaker
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Any of several usually miniaturized and surgically implanted electronic devices used to stimulate or regulate contractions of the heart muscle
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parabronchi
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One of the branches of an ectobronchium or entobronchium
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partial pressure
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Portion of total pressure due to a specific gas
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peripheral resistance
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A measure of the opposition encountered by the blood as it flows through blood vessels
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plasma
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The clear, yellowish fluid portion of blood, lymph, or intramuscular fluid in which cells are suspended
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platelets
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A minute, nonnucleated, disklike cytoplasmic body found in the blood plasma of mammals that is derived from a megakaryocyte and functions to promote blood clotting
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pluripotent stem cells
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a stem cell that has the potential to differentiate into any of the three germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm, or ectoderm
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positive pressure breathing
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Pushing air down the windpipe into the lungs
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Pulmocutaneous curcuit
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Circuit that leads to the gas exchange tissues (in the lungs and the skin in some animals), where the blood picks up oxygen in capillary beds before returning oxygen-rich blood to the left atria of the heart
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pulmonary circuit
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Circuit to convey blood from the heart to gas exchange tissues in the lung and back to the heart again
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pulse
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The rhythmical throbbing of arteries produced by the regular contractions of the heart, especially as palpated at the wrist or in the neck
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red blood cells
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A cell in the blood of vertebrates that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues. In mammals, the red blood cell is disk-shaped and biconcave, contains hemoglobin, and lacks a nucleus
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residual volume
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Volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a forceful exhalation
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respiratory medium
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the source of oxygen
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respiratory pigments
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Colored proteins, due to metal atoms built into the molecule, that carry oxygen
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respiratory surface
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The part of the animal where oxygen from the environment diffuses into living cells and carbon dioxide diffuses out
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semilunar valves
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the valves at the beginning of the aorta and of the pulmonary artery which prevent the blood from flowing back into the ventricle.
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sinoatrial (SA) node
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A small mass of specialized cardiac muscle fibers located in the posterior wall of the right atrium of the heart that acts as a pacemaker by generating at regular intervals the electric impulses of the heartbeat
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sinuses
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A dilated channel or receptacle containing chiefly venous blood
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stroke
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A sudden loss of brain function caused by a blockage or rupture of a blood vessel to the brain, characterized by loss of muscular control, diminution or loss of sensation or consciousness, dizziness, slurred speech, or other symptoms that vary with the extent and severity of the damage to the brain
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stroke volume
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The amount of blood pumped during each cardiac contraction
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systemic circuit
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Circuit that carries oxygen rich blood to all body organs and then returns oxygen-poor blood to the right atria via veins
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systole
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The rhythmic contraction of the heart, especially of the ventricles, by which blood is driven through the aorta and pulmonary artery after each dilation or diastole
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thrombus
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A fibrinous clot formed in a blood vessel or in a chamber of the heart
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tidal volume
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Volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each normal breath
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trachea
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A thin-walled, cartilaginous tube descending from the larynx to the bronchi and carrying air to the lungs
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tracheal system
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System of air tubes that branch throughout the body, a type of variation of folded internal respiratory surfaces
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veins
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Any of the membranous tubes that form a branching system and carry blood to the heart
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ventilation
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The mechanical system or equipment used to circulate air or to replace stale air with fresh air
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ventricles
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The chamber on the left side of the heart that receives arterial blood from the left atrium and contracts to force it into the aorta or on the right side of the heart that receives venous blood from the right atrium and forces it into the pulmonary artery
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venules
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A small vein, especially one joining capillaries to larger veins
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vital capacity
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The maximum volume of air that can be inhaled and exhaled during forceful breathing
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vocal cords
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Cords in the larynx that can be tightened and vibrated to produce various sounds
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white blood cells
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Any of various blood cells that have a nucleus and cytoplasm, separate into a thin white layer when whole blood is centrifuged, and help protect the body from infection and disease
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